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Family guide for fruits and seeds

J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz

Contents

This contents page, the key, and the descriptions were generated automatically from a DELTA database (Dallwitz 1980; Dallwitz, Paine, and Zurcher 1993).

Introduction • Procedures • Version history

Interactive key, including interactive information retrieval • Hints on using the interactive key

The interactive key is easy to use, allows free choice of characters, and can lead to correct identifications in spite of occasional errors. It can display all the illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, distributions of character states within any set of taxa, geographical distribution, and genera included in each family.

Character list • Implicit attributes • DELTA data files

Acknowledgements • References • Citation • Contacts

Descriptions

The bold parts in the descriptions are diagnostic descriptions, generated with the aid of Intkey (Dallwitz, Paine, and Zurcher 1995, 2000). They distinguish most taxa in at least one respect from the other taxa.

We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

A
• Acanthaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Aceraceae Juss., nom. cons. • Achariaceae Harms, nom. cons. • Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons. • Acoraceae Martinov • Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons. • Adoxaceae E. Mey., nom. cons. • Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. • Agavaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Aizoaceae Martinov, nom. cons. • Akaniaceae Stapf, nom. cons. • Alangiaceae DC., nom. cons. • Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons. • Aloaceae Batsch • Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw • Alzateaceae S. A. Graham • Amaranthaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Amborellaceae Pichon, nom. cons. • Anacardiaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Ancistrocladaceae Planch. ex Walp., nom. cons. • Anisophylleaceae Ridl. • Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Apiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (Umbelliferae) • Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Aponogetonaceae Planch., nom. cons. • Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. • Araceae Juss., nom. cons. • Araliaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Araucariaceae Henkel & W. Hochst., nom. cons. • Arecaceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. (Palmae) • Aristolochiaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Asclepiadaceae Borkh., nom. cons. • Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. (Compositae) • Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland • Austrobaileyaceae Croziat, nom. cons.

B
• Balanitaceae M. Roem., nom. cons. • Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook. f., nom. cons. • Balanophoraceae Rich., nom. cons. • Balsaminaceae A. Rich., nom. cons. • Barbeyaceae Rendle, nom. cons. • Basellaceae Raf., nom. cons. • Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb, nom. cons. • Begoniaceae C. Agardh, nom. cons. • Berberidaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Betulaceae Gray, nom. cons. • Bignoniaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Bixaceae Kunth, nom. cons. • Bombacaceae Kunth, nom. cons. • Bonnetiaceae L. Beauvis. ex Nakai • Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Brassicaceae Burnett, nom. cons. (Cruciferae) • Bretschneideraceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. • Burmanniaceae Blume, nom. cons. • Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Brunelliaceae Engl., nom. cons. • Bruniaceae R. Br. ex DC., nom. cons. • Brunoniaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Burseraceae Kunth, nom. cons. • Butomaceae Mirb., nom. cons. • Buxaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Byblidaceae Domin, nom. cons.

C
• Cabombaceae Rich. ex A. Rich., nom. cons. • Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Callitrichaceae Link, nom. cons. • Calycanthaceae Lindl., nom. cons. • Calyceraceae R. Br. ex Rich., nom. cons. • Campanulaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Canellaceae Mart., nom. cons. • Cannabaceae Martinov • Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Capparaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Caprifoliaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Cardiopteridaceae Blume, nom. cons. • Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw • Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons. • Caryophyllaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Casuarinaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Cecropiaceae C. C. Berg • Celastraceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Celtidaceae Engl. • Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons. • Cephalotaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Cephalotaxaceae Neger, nom. cons. • Ceratophyllaceae Gray, nom. cons. • Cercidiphyllaceae Engl., nom. cons. • Chenopodiaceae Vent., nom. cons. • Chloranthaceae R. Br. ex Sims, nom. cons. • Chrysobalanaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Circaeasteraceae Hutch., nom. cons. • Cistaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Clethraceae Klotzsch, nom. cons. • Clusiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (Guttiferae) • Cneoraceae Vest, nom. cons. • Columelliaceae D. Don, nom. cons. • Combretaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Commelinaceae Mirb., nom. cons. • Connaraceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Convolvulaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Coriariaceae DC., nom. cons. • Cornaceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. • Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons. • Corynocarpaceae Engl., nom. cons. • Costaceae Nakai • Crassulaceae St.-Hil., nom. cons. • Crossosomataceae Engl., nom. cons. • Crypteroniaceae A. DC., nom. cons. • Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonca • Cucurbitaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Cunoniaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Cupressaceae Gray, nom. cons. • Cuscutaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Cyanastraceae Engl., nom. cons. • Cycadaceae Pers., nom. cons. • Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A. Rich., nom. cons. • Cymodoceaceae Vines, nom. cons. • Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Cyrillaceae Lindl., nom. cons.

D
• Daphniphyllaceae Mull. Arg., nom. cons. • Datiscaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Davidsoniaceae (G. G. J. Bange • Degeneriaceae I. W. Bailey & A. C. Sm., nom. cons. • Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni, nom. cons. • Diapensiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. • Dichapetalaceae Baill., nom. cons. • Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons. • Didymelaceae Leandri • Diervillaceae Pyck • Dilleniaceae Salisb., nom. cons. • Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, nom. cons. • Dioscoreaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons. • Dipsacaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Dipterocarpaceae Blume, nom. cons. • Dirachmaceae Hutch. • Donatiaceae B. Chandler, nom. cons. • Droseraceae Salisb., nom. cons. • Duckeodendraceae Kuhlm.

E
• Ebenaceae Gurke, nom. cons. • Elaeagnaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Elaeocarpaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons. • Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Emblingiaceae Airy Shaw • Empetraceae Hook. & Lindl., nom. cons. • Epacridaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Ephedraceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Eremolepidaceae Tiegh. ex Nakai • Ericaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Eriocaulaceae Martinov, nom. cons. • Erythroxylaceae Kunth, nom. cons. • Eucommiaceae Engl., nom. cons. • Eucryphiaceae Gay, nom. cons. • Euphorbiaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Eupomatiaceae Orb., nom. cons. • Eupteleaceae K. Wilh., nom. cons.

F
• Fabaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (Leguminosae) • Fagaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Flacourtiaceae Rich. ex DC., nom. cons. • Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Fouquieriaceae DC., nom. cons. • Frankeniaceae Desv., nom. cons. • Fumariaceae Marquis, nom. cons.

G
• Garryaceae Lindl., nom. cons. • Geissolomataceae A. DC., nom. cons. • Gentianaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Geraniaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. • Ginkgoaceae Engl., nom. cons. • Glaucidiaceae Tamura • Gnetaceae Blume, nom. cons. • Goetzeaceae Miers ex Airy Shaw • Gomortegaceae Reiche, nom. cons. • Goodeniaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons. • Grossulariaceae DC., nom. cons. • Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn., nom. cons. • Gunneraceae Meisn., nom. cons. • Gyrostemonaceae A. Juss., nom. cons.

H
• Haemodoraceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Halophytaceae A. Soriano • Haloragaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Hamamelidaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw • Heliconiaceae Nakai • Hernandiaceae Blume, nom. cons. • Himantandraceae Diels, nom. cons. • Hippocastanaceae A. Rich., nom. cons. • Hippuridaceae Vest, nom. cons. • Hoplestigmataceae Gilg, nom. cons. • Huaceae A. Chevalier • Humiriaceae A.H.L. Jussieu • Hydatellaceae U. Hamann • Hydnoraceae C. Agardh • Hydrangeaceae Dumort. • Hydrochartiaceae Juss. • Hydrophyllaceae R. Brown • Hydrostachyaceae A. Engler

I
• Icacinaceae (Bentham) Miers • Idiospermaceae S.T. Blake • Illiciaceae DC.) A.C. Smith • Iridaceae Juss. • Irvingiaceae (Engler) Exell & Mendonca • Ixonanthaceae (Bentham) Exell & Mendonca

J
• Joinvilleaceae Tomlinson & A.C. Smith • Juglandaceae A. P. de Candolle ex Perlab • Juncaceae Juss. • Juncaginaceae L. Richard

K
• Kirkiaceae (Engler) Takhtajan • Krameriaceae Dumort.

L
• Lacandoniaceae E. Martinez & C.H. Ramos • Lacistemataceae C. v. Martius • Lactoridaceae Engler • Lamiaceae Martinov • Lardizabalaceae R. Brown • Lauraceae A.J. Jussieu • Lecythidaceae A. Richard • Leeaceae (DC.) Dumort. • Leitneriaceae Bentham & Hooker f. • Lemnaceae S.F. Gray • Lennoaceae Solms-Lauback • Lentibulariaceae L. Richard • Lepidobotryaceae J. Leonard • Liliaceae Adanson • Limnanthaceae R. Brown • Limnocharitaceae Takhtajan ex Cronquist • Linaceae DC. ex Perlab • Linnaeaceae (Rafinesque) Backlund • Lissocarpaceae E. Gilg • Loasaceae Jussieu • Loganiaceae R. Brown ex C. v. Martius • Loranthaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons. • Lythraceae J. St.-Hil., nom. cons.

M
• Maesaceae Anderb., Ståhl & Källersjö • Magnoliaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Malesherbiaceae D. Don, nom. cons. • Malpighiaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Malvaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Marantaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. • Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons. • Mayacaceae Kunth, nom. cons. • Medusagynaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. • Medusandraceae Brenan, nom. cons. • Melastomataceae Juss., nom. cons. • Meliaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons. • Menispermaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Menyanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Misodendraceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. • Mitrastemonaceae Makino, nom. cons. • Molluginaceae Bartl., nom. cons. • Monimiaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Moraceae Gaudich., nom. cons. • Morinaceae Raf. • Moringaceae Martinov, nom. cons. • Musaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Myoporaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons. • Myristicaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Myrothamnaceae Nied., nom. cons. • Myrsinaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Myrtaceae Juss., nom. cons.

N
• Najadaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Nelumbonaceae A. Rich., nom. cons. • Nepenthaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Neuradaceae Kostel., nom. cons. • Nolanaceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. • Nothofagaceae Kuprian. • Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Nymphaeaceae Salisb., nom. cons.

O
• Ochnaceae DC., nom. cons. • Olacaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons. • Oliniaceae Harv. & Sond., nom. cons. • Onagraceae Juss., nom. cons. • Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw • Opiliaceae Valeton, nom. cons. • Orchidaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Orobanchaceae Vent., nom. cons. • Oxalidaceae R. Br., nom. cons.

P
• Paeoniaceae Raf., nom. cons. • Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons. • Pandanaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Papaveraceae Juss., nom. cons. • Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw • Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons. • Pedaliaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Pellicieraceae L. Beauvis. ex Bullock • Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons. • Pentaphragmataceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. • Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons. • Pentastemonaceae Duyfjes • Peridiscaceae Kuhlm., nom. cons. • Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons. • Phellinaceae Takht. • Philydraceae Link, nom. cons. • Phrymaceae Schauer, nom. cons. • Physenaceae Takht. • Phytolaccaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn • Pinaceae Spreng. ex F. Rudolphi, nom. cons. • Piperaceae Giseke, nom. cons. • Pittosporaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Platanaceae T. Lestib., nom. cons. • Plumbaginaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. (Gramineae) • Podocarpaceae Endl., nom. cons. • Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons. • Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons. • Polygonaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons. • Portulacaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Posidoniaceae Vines, nom. cons. • Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. • Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons. • Proteaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Ptaeroxylaceae J.-F. Leroy • Pteridophyllaceae Nakai ex Reveal & Hoogland

Q
• Quiinaceae Choisy ex Engl., nom. cons.

R
• Rafflesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Ranunculaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Resedaceae Martinov, nom. cons. • Restionaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Rhabdodendronaceae Prance • Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Rhizophoraceae Pers., nom. cons. • Rhoipteleaceae Hand.-Mazz., nom. cons. • Rhynchocalyaceae L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs • Rosaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Rubiaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons.

S
• Sabiaceae Blume, nom. cons. • Saccifoliaceae Maguire & Pires • Salicaceae Mirb., nom. cons. • Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons. • Santalaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Sapotaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Sarcobataceae Behnke • Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, nom. cons. • Sargentodoxaceae Stapf ex Hutch., nom. cons. • Sarraceniaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Saururaceae Rich. ex T. Lestib., nom. cons. • Saxifragaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Scheuchzeriaceae F. Rudolphi, nom. cons. • Schisandraceae Blume, nom. cons. • Sclerophylacaceae Miers • Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Scyphostegiaceae Hutch., nom. cons. • Scytopetalaceae Engl., nom. cons. • Setchellanthaceae H. H. Iltis • Simaroubaceae DC., nom. cons. • Simmondsiaceae Tiegh. • Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons. • Solanaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Sparganiaceae Hanin, nom. cons. • Sphaerosepalaceae Tiegh. ex Bullock • Sphenocleaceae T. Baskerv., nom. cons. • Sphenostemonaceae P. Royen & Airy Shaw • Stachyuraceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. • Stackhousiaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Stangeriaceae L. A. S. Johnson • Staphyleaceae Martinov, nom. cons. • Stemonaceae Careul, nom. cons. • Stemonuraceae Kårehed • Sterculiaceae Vent., nom. cons. • Stilbaceae Kunth, nom. cons. • Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons. • Stylidiaceae R. Br., nom. cons. • Styracaceae DC. & Spreng., nom. cons. • Surianaceae Arn., nom. cons. • Symplocaceae Desf., nom. cons.

T
• Tamaricaceae Link, nom. cons. • Taxaceae Gray, nom. cons. • Taxodiaceae Saporta, nom. cons. • Tepuianthaceae Maguire & Steyerm. • Ternstroemiaceae Mirb. ex DC. • Tetracentraceae A. C. Sm., nom. cons. • Tetrachondraceae Wettst. • Tetrameristaceae Hutch. • Theaceae Mirb., nom. cons. • Theligonaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Theophrastaceae D. Don, nom. cons. • Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons. • Thymelaeaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Ticodendraceae Gomez-Laur. & L. D. Gomez • Tiliaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Tovariaceae Pax, nom. cons. • Trapaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Tremandraceae R. Br. ex DC., nom. cons. • Trigoniaceae A. Juss., nom. cons. • Trimeniaceae Gibbs, nom. cons. • Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons. • Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons. • Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons. • Turneraceae Kunth ex DC., nom. cons. • Typhaceae Juss., nom. cons.

U
• Ulmaceae Mirb., nom. cons. • Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.

V
• Valerianaceae Batsch, nom. cons. • Velloziaceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. • Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil., nom. cons. • Violaceae Batsch, nom. cons. • Viscaceae Batsch • Vitaceae Juss., nom. cons. • Vochysiaceae A. St.-Hil., nom. cons.

W
• Welwitschiaceae Careul, nom. cons. • Winteraceae R. Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons.

X
• Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Xyridaceae C. Agardh, nom. cons.

Z
• Zamiaceae Horan. • Zingiberaceae Martinov, nom. cons. • Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons. • Zygophyllaceae R. Br., nom. cons.

Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.

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