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Synonyms: Modeccaceae Horan.; Paropsiaceae Dumort.
Common name: Passion-flower Family.
Number of genera 18. Number of species 530.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; amphisarcum, or capsule, or urticle (Barteria), or pepo (Spjut & 4 families: Caricaceae, Cucurbitaceae. Muscaceae, Passifloraceae); loculicidal capsule (not Spjut); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; not within accessory organ(s); many-seeded; many; (2–)3(–5)-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; wall hard; indehiscent, or dehiscent (for capsule). Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp brown (all shades); durable; glabrous (without hairs) (assumed); without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present; fleshy; composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril Adenia, Deidamia, Modecca, Passiflora present, or absent; a true aril; white (colorless, thin, pulpy, mucilagenous); well developed; adnate to hilum; fleshy; of funicular origin; basal, or encompassing; does not aid in seed explusion from fruit; fleshy; cupshaped, or saccate; unlobed. Seed larger than minute; in transection compressed; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm, or perisperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue, or with markedly different marginal tissue; marginal tissue winglike; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; dull; surface unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or merged raised features; surface pitted, or punctate; surface reticulate, or ridged; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings, or with wing(s) (Hollrungia); 1-winged (assumed); with wing(s) solid; with solid wing(s) similar to testa; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black; crustaceous, or bony; becoming mucilaginous when wetted, or not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo, or surrounding food reserve. Raphe conspicuous; as long as seed. Endosperm development nuclear; copious; fleshy-soft; smooth; with oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Perisperm opaque. Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve), or nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve), or completely filling testa (no food reserve); 0.85–0.9 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate; with spatulate cotyledons; straight; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.6–0.7 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 2–5.5 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed, or well developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Hawaii (HI), Texas (TX).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Passiflora incarnata L.: USA state noxious weed: TX°. -- Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L. H. Bailey (=Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P. Jorg.): USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Passiflora pulchella Kunth (=Passiflora bicornis Mill.): USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Passiflora bicornis Mill.-- Passiflora caerulea L. -- Passiflora edulis Sims -- Passiflora pulchella Kunth = Passiflora bicornis Mill.-- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Passiflora caerulea L.w -- Passiflora edulis Simsw -- Passiflora ligularis Juss. -- Passiflora quadrangularis L. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Adenia Forssk. -- Ancistrothyrsus Harms -- Androsiphonia Stapf -- Barteria Hook. f. -- Basananthe Peyr. -- Crossostemma Planch. ex Benth. -- Deidamia Noronha ex Thouars -- Dilkea Mast. -- Efulensia C. H. Wright -- Hollrungia K. Schum. -- Mitostemma Mast. -- Paropsia Noronha ex Thouars -- Paropsiopsis Engl. -- Passiflora L., nom. cons. prop. -- Schlechterina Harms -- Smeathmannia Sol. ex R. Br. -- Tetrapathaea (DC.) Rchb. -- Viridivia J. H. Hemsl. & Verdc.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 412.
General references
Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Roosmalen, M.G.M. van. 1985. Fruits of the Guianan flora, 483 pp. Institute of Systematic Botany, Wageningen Agricultural University. Drukkerij Veenman B.V., Wageningen, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and acceptable seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Roosmalen. LeMaout & Decaisne. Seed illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Karen, Gunn & Ritchie, Wood, Jr. Embryo illustration(s): Martin, Gunn & Ritchie, Karen. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 122: Abatia parviflora (A-C) [to be moved to Flacourtiaceae], Adenia macrophylla Koord. (D-F), Barteria nigritana Hook. f. [not finalized], Deidamia dematoides [not in IPNI] (G-I), Dilkea cf. parviflora Killip (J-L), Hollrungia (Paropsia) pubescens [P. p. Warb.] (2: D-F), Passiflora ligularis Juss. (G-I), Passiflora (Tacsonia) pinnatistipula Cav. (J-L), Basananthe (Tryphostemma) apetala (Baker f.) de Wilde (M-O), Crossostemma laurifolium (P-R) Hollrungia aurantioides K. Shum. (M-O), Adenia (Machadoa) huillensis (Welw.) A.&R. Fernandez (2: A-C).
• Seed. 1 of 11. Adenia huillensis (Welw.) A. Fern. & R. Fern.: seed. • Seed. 2 of 11. Passiflora ligularis Juss.: seeds. • Embryo. 3 of 11. Adenia huillensis (Welw.) A. Fern. & R. Fern.: embryo. • Embryo. 6 of 11. Deidamia clematoides (C. H. Wright) Harms: embryo. • Embryo. 7 of 11. Dilkea cf. parviflora Killip: embryo. • Embryo. 8 of 11. Hollrungia aurantioides K. Schum.: embryo. • Embryo. 9 of 11. Paropsia pubescens Oliv.: embryo. • Embryo. 10 of 11. Passiflora ligularis Juss.: embryo. • Embryo. 11 of 11. Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
