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Synonyms: Avicenniaceae Miq., nom. cons.; Cyclocheilaceae Marais; Dicrastylidaceae J. Drumm. ex Harv., nom. nud.; Durantaceae J. Agardh; Nesogenaceae Marais; Nyctanthaceae J. Agardh; Petreaceae J. Agardh; Symphoremataceae Wight
Common name: Vervain Family.
Number of genera 46 (with removal of many Lamiaceae genera & Phryma (Phrymaceae)). Number of species 1070.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit anthocarp, or pericarpium; simple, or schizocarp; capsule; coccarium, or microbasarium (Spjut 5 families: Boraginaceae, Callitrichaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae); what type of capsule?; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; simple; pseudosamara (Pitraea but spelled Petraea in Spjut); without persistent central column, or with persistent central column; valves not diverging at top of central column; with styles(s); at apex; within accessory organ(s), or not within accessory organ(s); within calyx (enlarged or not, membranous or not, my be cupuliform, induate); accrescent; persistent; 1-seeded to more than 1 but less than 10-seeded; 1–10-seeded (1–4(-8–10)); less than 1 cm long to from 1–5 cm long; 0.7–3.5 cm long; 4–8-carpellate (4–5,8); with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; indehiscent, or dehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp black, or blue, or brown (all shades), or green, or orange, or purple, or red, or yellow; shiny, or dull; durable; membranous; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs); hairs not glandular; without armature, or with armature; with spines; without armature glochidiate; smooth, or not smooth; roughened, or ridged, or rugose; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent; fleshy; composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system; and endocarp sharply differentiated. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin, or hard; splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes, or not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; stone unilocular, or plurilocular; stone 2-loculate; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without food reserves, or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface smooth; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; thin; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo, or surrounding food reserve. Hilum punctate (assumed). Endosperm development cellular; scant, or moderate (Avicennia); fleshy-soft, or fleshy; smooth; with oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling testa (no food reserve), or nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve), or partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.9 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate, or linear (more or less); with spatulate cotyledons, or investing cotyledons; straight, or arcuate; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; with cotyledons containing oils; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons, or acotyledonous (Stibye). Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.5–0.8 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1.3–3 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle, or partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle; not foliaceous, or foliaceous; thin; flat, or once-folded, or plicate (Avicennia); smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed, or well developed, or small; straight (radicle pubscent in Avicennia); not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Goldberg also recognized Phrymaceae.
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Glandularia aristigera (S. Moore) Tronc. -- Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. -- Glandularia gooddingii (Briq.) Solbrig -- Glandularia × hybrida (hort. ex Groenl. & Rumpler) G. L. Nesom & Pruski -- Lantana camara L. -- Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. = Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene -- Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene -- Verbena ambrosiifolia Rydb. ex Small = Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. -- Verbena angustifolia Michx., nom. illeg. = Verbena simplex Lehm. -- Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. -- Verbena gooddingii Briq. = Glandularia gooddingii (Briq.) Solbrig -- Verbena hastata L. -- Verbena × hybrida hort. ex Groenl. & Rumpler = Glandularia × hybrida (hort. ex Groenl. & Rumpler) G. L. Nesom & Pruski -- Verbena officinalis L. -- Verbena rigida Spreng. -- Verbena simplex Lehm. -- Verbena L. spp. -- Verbena stricta Vent. -- Verbena tenuisecta Briq. = Glandularia aristigera (S. Moore) Tronc. -- Verbena urticifolia L. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt.f-- Glandularia laciniata (L.) Schnack & Covas-- Lantana camara L.w -- Lantana hybrida hort. = Lantana camara L. -- Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims -- Verbena Hybrida Group f -- Verbena aubletii Jacq. = Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton -- Verbena bonariensis L.f -- Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr.w-- Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton = Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt.-- Verbena erinoides Lam. = Glandularia laciniata (L.) Schnack & Covas-- Verbena hastata L. -- Verbena × hybrida hort. ex Groenl. & Rumpler = Verbena Hybrida Group f -- Verbena laciniata (L.) Briq. = Glandularia laciniata (L.) Schnack & Covas-- Verbena officinalis L. -- Verbena rigida Spreng.f -- Verbena stricta Vent. -- Verbena venosa Gillies & Hook. = Verbena rigida Spreng. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acantholippia Griseb. -- Aloysia Palau -- Asepalum Marais -- Avicennia L. -- Baillonia Bocq. -- Bouchea Cham., nom. cons. -- Burroughsia Moldenke -- Casselia Nees & Mart., nom. cons. -- Chascanum E. Mey., nom. cons. -- Citharexylum L. -- Coelocarpum Balf. f. -- Congea Roxb. -- Cyclocheilon Oliv. -- Dimetra Kerr -- Diostea Miers -- Dipyrena Hook. -- Duranta L. -- Glandularia J. F. Gmel. -- Hierobotana Briq. -- Junellia Moldenke, nom. cons. -- Lampaya F. Phil. ex Murillo -- Lantana L., nom. cons. prop. -- Lippia L. -- Nashia Millsp. -- Neosparton Griseb. -- Nesogenes A. DC. -- Nyctanthes L. -- Parodianthus Tronc. -- Petrea L. -- Phyla Lour. -- Pitraea Turcz. -- Priva Adans. -- Recordia Moldenke -- Rehdera Moldenke -- Rhaphithamnus Miers -- Sphenodesme Jack -- Stachytarpheta Vahl, nom. cons. -- Stylodon Raf. -- Symphorema Roxb. -- Tamonea Aubl. -- Ubochea Baill. -- Urbania Phil., nom. cons. -- Verbena L. -- Verbenoxylum Tronc. -- Xeroaloysia Tronc. -- Xolocotzia Miranda
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 920. Jansen-Jacobs, M.J. 1988. 148. Verbenaceae. In: A.R.A. Gorts-van Rijn, ed., Flora of the Guianas, fasc. 4, pp. 1–114. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and J.V. Dennis. 1976. World guide to tropical drift seeds and fruits, 240 pp. The New York Times Book Co., New York, Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, Gunn & Dennis [seedlings], Schopmeyer, Engler & Prantl. Seed illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, Schopmeyer. Embryo illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, Schopmeyer, Engler & Prantl, Martin.
• Fruit. 1 of 18. Avicennia germinans (L.) L.: fruit. • Fruit. 2 of 18. Avicennia germinans (L.) L.: fruit with exocarp removed. • Seed. 3 of 18. Avicennia germinans (L.) L.: seed. • Fruit. 4 of 18. Junellia ligustrina (Lag.) Moldenke: fruits. • Seed. 5 of 18. Junellia ligustrina (Lag.) Moldenke: fruits. • Fruit. 6 of 18. Lantana camara L.: fruits. • Seed. 7 of 18. Lantana camara L.: seeds. • Fruit. 8 of 18. Petrea aspera Turcz.: fruit. • Seed. 9 of 18. Petrea aspera Turcz.: fruit. • Fruit. 10 of 18. Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl: fruits. • Seed. 11 of 18. Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl: fruits. • Seed. 12 of 18. Stachytarpheta mutabilis (L.) Vahl: fruits. • Fruit. 13 of 18. Verbena brasiliensis Vell.: fruiting head. • Fruit. 14 of 18. Verbena brasiliensis Vell.: fruits. • Seed. 15 of 18. Verbena brasiliensis Vell.: fruits. • Embryo. 16 of 18. Lantana trifolia L.: embryo. • Embryo. 17 of 18. Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl : embryo. • Embryo. 18 of 18. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
