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Synonyms: Hibbertiaceae J. Agardh
Common name: Dillenia Family.
Number of genera 11. Number of species 300.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united, or carpels nearly separate to base. Fruit pericarpium; multiple; camaretum (Decaisnea), or coccetum (Tetracera Spjut Fig. 22H & 4 families Dilleniaceae, Magnoliaceae, Quiinaceae, Rosaceae); without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; within accessory organ(s), or not within accessory organ(s); within calyx (more or less fleshy & for indehiscent Dillenia spp.); accrescent; persistent; 1-seeded to 10 to less than 25-seeded; 1–20-seeded; with carpels separate; with carpels not radiating at maturity; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; apex not beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively; without replum. Epicarp yellow, or brown (all shades) (reddish-); durable; glabrous (without hairs) (assumed); without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present, or absent (Dillenia); a true aril; brown, or orange, or red, or white; well developed, or vestigal; adnate to testa; fleshy; apical, or encompassing; fleshy, or membranous, or waxy; crenate, or fimbriate-laciniate (sometimes deeply so), or crested. Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long to 5 to less than 10 mm long; 3.5–6 mm long; C-shaped, or obovate, or circular, or straight; in transection compressed; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; shiny; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or merged raised features; surface pitted; surface reticulate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous, or pubescent; with tuft of hairs at one end (coma) (but not a coma), or hairs along margin (within the curve of of C-shaped seeds); with straight hairs (probably); without glandular pubescence; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black; crustaceous; becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Raphe conspicuous. Endosperm development nuclear; copious; fleshy; opaque; corrugated; without starch; with oils and proteins; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed, or rudimentary; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.05–0.1 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric, or basal; linear; lenticular; straight, or C-shaped, or J-shaped; oblique to seed length, or parallel to seed length, or transverse to seed length; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; scarcely differentiated, or tiny; 0.3–0.5 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; not foliaceous; moderately thick; circinate; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle small; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Pantropical. New World, Old World. Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa (rare), Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia (best developed in temperate Australia), Oceania.
Notes
Goldberg: "follicles … opening ventrally, rarely dorsally.
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
ISTA listed seeds.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Dillenia indica L. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acrotrema Jack -- Curatella Loefl. -- Davilla Vand. -- Didesmandra Stapf -- Dillenia L. -- Doliocarpus Rol. -- Hibbertia Andrews -- Neodillenia Aymard -- Pachynema R. Br. ex DC. -- Pinzona Mart. & Zucc. -- Schumacheria Vahl -- Tetracera L.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 296.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Hooker, J.D. 1873 and forward. Icones Plantarum. William & Norgate, London. (plate number cited in text within [ ]), LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Engler & Prantl, Hooker [157]. Seed illustration(s): Engler & Prantl, Hooker [157], LeMaout & Decaisne, Baillon, Karen. Embryo illustration(s): Engler & Prantl, LeMaout & Decaisne, Baillon, Karen, Martin. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 078: Acrotrema sp.(A-C), Curatella americana L. (D-F), Davilla belizensis [not in INPI] (G-I), Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe (J-L), Doliocarpus dentatus Standley (M-O), Hibbertia linearis R. Br. ex DC. (2: A-B), Pachynema junceum Bentham (2: D-F), Pinzoma coriaceus Mart. & Zucc. (2: G-I), Tetracera alnifolia Willd. (2: J-L), Dillenia (Wormia) suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Martelli (2: (M-O).
• Fruit. 1 of 12. Dillenia indica L.: fruit. • Seed. 2 of 12. Dillenia indica L.: seed. • Embryo. 3 of 12. Acrotrema sp.: embryo. • Embryo. 4 of 12. Curatella americana L.: embryo. • Embryo. 5 of 12. Davilla nitida (Vahl) Kubitzki: embryo. • Embryo. 6 of 12. Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe: embryo. • Embryo. 7 of 12. Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Martelli: embryo. • Embryo. 8 of 12. Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl.: embryo. • Embryo. 9 of 12. Hibbertia linearis DC.: embryo. • Embryo. 10 of 12. Pachynema junceum Benth.: embryo. • Embryo. 12 of 12. Tetracera alnifolia Willd.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
