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Synonyms: Conostylidaceae Takht.; Wachendorfiaceae Herb.; Xiphidiaceae Dumort.
Common name: Bloodwort Family.
Number of genera 15. Number of species 85.
Angiosperm. Liliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; capsule (Spjut), or nuculanium (Barberetta & Phlebocarya of Goldberg, not Spjut); loculicidal capsule (Haemodorum); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; without persistent central column; crowned by perianth, or tepals; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded to many-seeded; 1-seeded (-many); from 1–5 cm long; 1 cm long (at least); 3-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection angled; 3-angled; dehiscent, or indehiscent (Barberetta). Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent at apex; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs) (Wachendorfia); hairs short, or medium length; hairs not glandular; without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present (Wachendorfia); an arillike structure. Arillike structure falling with seed a caruncle. Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long to 5 to less than 10 mm long; 5 mm long; circular, or curved, or ovate, or reniform, or oval; in transection flattened; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; dull (assumed); surface unsmooth; surface with merged raised features; surface reticulate, or ribbed (longitudinally), or wrinkled; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous, or pubescent (Wachendorfia & hairs bearing minute blisters); with hairs over surface; densely hairy; without glandular pubescence; with wing(s), or without wings; 1-winged; with wing encompassing seed; with wing(s) solid; with solid wing(s) similar to testa; without collar; without operculum; outer layer only transparent, or colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black, or red, or white; coriaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Endosperm development helobial; copious; fleshy, or hard, or cartilaginous; transparent (more or less); smooth; mostly with starch, or without starch; with starch composed of solitary grains, or clustered grains (Wachendorfia); with hemicellulose, oils, and proteins; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; rudimentary; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); chamber central to wings; 0.1–0.2 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; lenticular; transverse to seed length; capping one end of endosperm; without coleoptile; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 1 cotyledon. Cotyledons one and terminal with lateral plumule; not modified into scutellum; not circinately coiled. Hypocotyl-radicle small; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
New World, Old World. North America (to Massachusetts), Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Australia (mostly southern hemisphere).
Notes
Dehiscent fruit scored according to Spjut. But Spjut did not score the indehiscent fruits of Barberetta or the 1-seeded nut of Phlebocarya, both listed by Goldberg. Embryo as long as wide.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Puerto Rico (PR).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy: USA state noxious weed: PRª●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ISTA listed seeds.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Anigozanthos manglesii D. Don -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Anigozanthos Labill. -- Barberetta Harv. -- Blancoa Lindl. -- Conostylis R. Br. -- Dilatris P. J. Bergius -- Haemodorum Sm. -- Lachnanthes Elliott, nom. cons. -- Lophiola Ker Gawl. -- Phlebocarya R. Br. -- Pyrrorhiza Maguire & Wurdack -- Schiekia Meisn. -- Tribonanthes Endl. -- Wachendorfia Burm. -- Xiphidium Aubl. --
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 1204. Robertson, K.R. 1976. The genera of Haemodoraceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 57:205–216.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Robertson (1976), Cronquist. Seed illustration(s): Cronquist, LeMaout & Decaisne. Robertson (1976). Embryo illustration(s): Martin, LeMaout & Decaisne, Robertson (1976).
• Seed. 1 of 2. Anigozanthos flavidus DC.: seeds. • Embryo. 2 of 2. Anigozanthos flavidus DC.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
