| | Family guide for fruits and seeds |
Common name: Barbados-cherry Family.
Number of genera 65. Number of species 1100.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound, or simple; 2–5; 2–5-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium, or anthocarp; simple, or schizocarp; capsule, or drupe, or samara (none are Spjut); Diplopterys achenarium, or samarium (Banisteriopsis); loculicidal capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; schizocarp; polachenarium (Banisteriopsis subg. Hemiramma); without persistent central column, or with persistent central column; not within accessory organ(s); less than 1 cm long to from 5.1–10 cm long; 1.6–6.5 cm long; (2–)3(–5)-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; apex not beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs) (hair stiff & irritating); hairs not glandular; without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin, or hard; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long to 5 to less than 10 mm long; 3–6 mm long; obovate, or pyriform; in transection compressed; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface unsmooth; surface with merged raised features; surface wrinkled; with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades) (at least); membranous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo (or essentially so). Endosperm development nuclear; trace.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling testa (no food reserve) (or essentially); 1 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; foliate; with spatulate cotyledons, or investing cotyledons; straight, or arcuate, or C-shaped, or J-shaped, or annular, or flatly coiled (circinate); 100% annular, or 125% annular, or 150% annular; parallel to seed length; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; with cotyledons containing oils; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.5–0.8 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 3.3–6 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle, or not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; unequal in size, or equal in size; markedly unequal (one thick & enlarged, other reduced); not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle well developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Pantropical and pansubtropical. New World, Old World. Middle America, South America, Africa, Asia Minor (??), southeastern Asia (??), Australia (??), Oceania (??).
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
ISTA listed seeds.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Malpighia emarginata DC. -- Malpighia punicifolia auct., non L. = Malpighia emarginata DC. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acmanthera (A. Juss.) Griseb. -- Acridocarpus Guill. & Perr. -- Aspicarpa Rich. -- Aspidopterys A. Juss. ex Endl. -- Banisteriopsis C. B. Rob. -- Barnebya W. R. Anderson & B. Gates -- Blepharandra Griseb. -- Brachylophon Oliv. -- Bunchosia Rich. ex Kunth -- Burdachia Mart. ex Endl. -- Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth -- Callaeum Small -- Calyptostylis Arènes -- Camarea A. St.-Hil. -- Caucanthus Forssk. -- Clonodia Griseb. -- Coleostachys A. Juss. -- Cordobia Nied. -- Diacidia Griseb. -- Dicella Griseb. -- Digoniopterys Arènes -- Dinemagonum A. Juss. -- Dinemandra A. Juss. ex Endl. -- Diplopterys A. Juss. -- Echinopterys A. Juss. -- Ectopopterys W. R. Anderson -- Flabellaria Cav. -- Flabellariopsis R. Wilczek -- Gallardoa Hicken -- Galphimia Cav. -- Gaudichaudia Kunth -- Glandonia Griseb. -- Heladena A. Juss. -- Henleophytum H. Karst. -- Heteropterys Kunth, nom. cons. -- Hiptage Gaertn., nom. cons. -- Hiraea Jacq. -- Janusia A. Juss. ex Endl. -- Jubelina A. Juss. -- Lasiocarpus Liebm. -- Lophanthera A. Juss., nom. cons. -- Lophopterys A. Juss. -- Madagasikaria C. Davis -- Malpighia L. -- Malpigiantha Rojas -- Mascagnia (Bertero ex DC.) Colla -- Mcvaughia W. R. Anderson -- Mezia Schwacke ex Nied. -- Microsteira Baker -- Mionandra Griseb. -- Peixotoa A. Juss. -- Peregrina W. R. Anderson -- Philgamia Baill. -- Pterandra A. Juss. -- Ptilochaeta Turcz., nom. cons. -- Rhynchophora Arènes -- Ryssopterys Blume ex A. Juss., nom. cons. -- Spachea A. Juss. -- Sphedamnocarpus Planch. ex Benth. & Hook. f. -- Stigmaphyllon A. Juss. -- Tetrapterys Cav., nom. cons. -- Thryallis Mart., nom. cons. -- Triaspis Burch. -- Tricomaria Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. -- Triopterys L., nom. cons. -- Tristellateia Thouars -- Verrucularia A. Juss.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 768. Anderson, W.R. & B. Gates. 1981. Barnebya, A new genus of Malpighiaceae from Brazil. Brittonia 33:275–284; Chodat, R. 1892. V. Malpighiacées. In: M. Micheli, ed., Contributions à Flore du Paraguay. Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2), no. 3:1–27, pl. 46–47; Gates, B. 1982. Banisteriopsis, Diplopterys (Malpighiaceae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 30:1–237.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. 1900–1953. Das Pflanzenreich, nos. 1–107. Facsimile edition. Engelmann-Cramer, Weinheim, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Flora Neotropica. 1968–74. Nos. 1–14. Hafner Publishing Company, Darien and 1976-. Nos. 15-present. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx [monograph number], Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Roosmalen, M.G.M. van. 1985. Fruits of the Guianan flora, 483 pp. Institute of Systematic Botany, Wageningen Agricultural University. Drukkerij Veenman B.V., Wageningen, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Mirle, C. and R.J. Burnham. 1999. Identification of asymmetrically winged samaras from the Western Hemisphere. Brittonia 51:1–14.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and poor S illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Engler., Chodat (1892). Baillon, Engler & Prantl, LeMaout & Decasine, Roosmalen, NoxWeed, Anderson & Gates (1981), Gates (1982). Seed illustration(s): NoxWeed, Corner. Embryo illustration(s): NoxWeed, Corner, LeMaout & Decaisne, Engler & Prantl.
• Fruit. 1 of 18. Aspidopterys concava A. Juss.: fruits. • Fruit. 2 of 18. Banisteriopsis martiniana (A. Juss.) Cuatrec.: fruit. • Fruit. 3 of 18. Stigmaphyllon puberum (L. C. Rich) Adr. Juss.: fruit. • Seed. 4 of 18. Stigmaphyllon puberum (L. C. Rich) Adr. Juss.: seed. • Fruit. 5 of 18. Bunchosia sonorensis Rose: fruit. • Seed. 6 of 18. Bunchosia sonorensis Rose: fruit. • Fruit. 7 of 18. Burdachia prismatocarpa Mart. ex A. Juss.: fruit. • Seed. 8 of 18. Burdachia prismatocarpa Mart. ex A. Juss.: seed. • Fruit. 9 of 18. Callaeum nicaraguense (Griseb.) Small: fruit. • Fruit. 10 of 18. Calyptostylis humbertii Arenes: fruit. • Seed. 11 of 18. Calyptostylis humbertii Arenes: seed, partially damaged. • Fruit. 12 of 18. Mascagnia heterocarpa Anderson: fruits with calyces. • Seed. 13 of 18. Mascagnia heterocarpa Anderson: seed. • Fruit. 14 of 18. Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz: fruit with single seed in center and with 3 wings. • Seed. 15 of 18. Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz: seed. • Fruit. 16 of 18. Malpighia glabra L.: fruit. • Seed. 17 of 18. Malpighia glabra L.: seed. • Embryo. 18 of 18. Mascagnia pubiflora (A. Juss.) Griseb.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
