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Common name: Strawberry-shrub Family.
Number of genera 2. Number of species 9.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule an intact or entire fruit (with and without hypanthium).
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit anthocarp, or pericarpium; simple; achene (true fruits within one pseudofruit - pometum); multiple; pometum; without persistent central column; within accessory organ(s); within hypanthium; with hypanthium achenes; with hypanthium wall distinct from fruit wall; with hypanthium fleshy (more or less); with hypanthium oily and proteinaceous; less than 1 cm long, or from 1–5 cm long; 1–1.4 cm long; 1-carpellate; not sulcate; apex not beaked; wall firm (for achenes only); indehiscent (for achenes; hypanthium is open at apex & achenes shake out). Epicarp brown (all shades); durable; leathery; without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent. Endocarp absent. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute; 10 to less than 25 mm long; 10–14 mm long; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without food reserves, or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; surface smooth (assumed); without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); membranous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve, or surrounding embryo. Endosperm development cellular; trace (& restricted to folds of cotyledons).
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; foliate; flatly coiled (circinate); with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle (assumed); without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.7 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous; thin; convoluted, or twisted; smooth; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle well developed; straight; much thickened.
Distribution
New World, Old World. North America, Asia Major (only China).
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
No ASOA or ISTA listed seeds.
Accepted genera
Calycanthus L., nom. cons. -- Chimonanthus Lindl., nom. cons.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 70.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and no seed illlustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Karen, Cronquist, Baillon, Engler & Prantl [hypanthium]. Embryo illustration(s): Karen, Cronquist, Corner. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 015: Calycanthus (fertilis) floridus L. var. laevigatus (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray (A-B), Chimonthus praecox (L.) Link (C-D).
• Fruit. 1 of 4. Calycanthus floridus L. var. laevigatus (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 2 of 4. Calycanthus floridus L. var. laevigatus (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray: seeds. • Embryo. 3 of 4. Calycanthus floridus L. var. laevigatus (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray: embryo. • Embryo. 4 of 4. Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
