| | Family guide for fruits and seeds |
Synonyms: Actinotaceae A. I. Konstant. & Melikyan; Ammiaceae Bercht. & J. Presl; Angelicaceae Martinov; Daucaceae Martinov; Ferulaceae Sacc.; Hydrocotylaceae (Drude) Hyl.; Saniculaceae Bercht. & J. Presl; Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.
Common name: Carrot Family.
Number of genera 421. Number of species 3100.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule an intact or entire fruit, or a partial fruit (a segment of an entire fruit).
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels nearly separate to base. Fruit anthocarp, or pericarpium; simple; simple, or schizocarp, or compound; cypsela (Lagoecia cuminioides L.), or pseudosamara (Actinolema macrolema Boiss., Spjut, Fig. 44 C-D); polachenarium; catoclesium (Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss., Spjut, Fig. 18 D); without persistent central column, or with persistent central column; valves not diverging at top of central column; crowned by sepals (& vestages of male flowers); with styles(s); within accessory organ(s), or not within accessory organ(s); within could be any or all: bracts (fused), awns, bristles, perianth, etc; more than 1 but less than 10-seeded; 2-seeded; 1–2-carpellate (rarely 1); with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity, or separating at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; in transection flat, or terete, or compressed; apex beaked, or not beaked; apex long beaked, or moderately beaked, or short beaked; indehiscent. Epicarp brown (all shades), or black, or green; dull, or shiny; durable; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs); hairs not glandular; with armature, or without armature; with bristles, or spines, or prickles, or barbs; without armature glochidiate; not smooth, or smooth; ribbed, or warted, or scaly, or with oil ducts; with wing(s), or without wing(s); 2-winged; with wing(s) lateral; without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa absent, or present; adhering to epicarp; without embryo surrounded and capped by viscid tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Endosperm development nuclear; copious; fleshy, or fleshy-watery, or fleshy-firm; smooth; with oils (with petroselenic & often petroseledic acid); without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve, or undifferentiated from food reserve (seldom); well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.03–0.6 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric, or basal (tiny embryos may be classified as basal); linear, or foliate; with spatulate cotyledons; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons, or with 1 cotyledon (appearing as 1), or acotyledonous (rarely). Cotyledons 2, or 2 but appearing as 1; scarcely differentiated, or tiny; 0.2–0.6 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle, or somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1–3 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; thin, or moderately thick; smooth; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle vestigial, or moderately developed, or well developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan (best developed in the North Temperate region and somewhat on tropical mountains.). New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Rarely two mericarps do not separate (Thecocarpus). How to score this species? Fruit plump or narrowly oblong, planoconvex to polygonal or strongly flattened. Mericarp bearing 5, occasionally 10, ribs or nerves; ribs corky or thin oil ducts between ribs frequently visible as dark lines. Stylopodium and calyx frequently persistent at apex of mericarp. No characters for mericarp or carpophore!.
Weed information
1 or more USA Federal noxious weeds, 1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA Federal noxious weeds: -- Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: CT●, FL●, MA●, NC●, NH●, OH●, OR●, PA●, WA●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Colorado (CO), Connecticut (CT), Florida (FL), Idaho (ID), Illinois (IL), Iowa (IA), Kansas (KS), Maine (ME), Massachusetts (MA), Michigan (MI), Nevada (NV), New Hampshire (NH), New Mexico (NM), North Carolina (NC), Ohio (OH), Oregon (OR), Pennsylvania (PA), Puerto Rico (PR), South Dakota (SD), Texas (TX), Vermont (VT), Washington (WA), West Virginia (WV).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Aegopodium podagraria L.: USA state noxious weed: CT●, MA●, VT●. -- Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.: USA state noxious weed: MA●, WA●. -- Carum carvi L.: USA state noxious weed: CO●. -- Cicuta maculata L.: USA state noxious weed: NV●. -- Conium maculatum L.: USA state noxious weed: CO●°, IA●°, ID●°, NM●, NV●, OH●°, OR●. -- Daucus carota L.: USA state noxious weed: IA●°, IL°, KS°, MI●°, OH●, SD°, TX°, WA●, WV°. -- Daucus carota subsp. carota: USA state noxious weed: ID°. -- Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: CT●, FL●, MA●, NC●, NH●, OH●, OR●, PA●, WA●. -- Hydrocotyle spp.: USA state noxious weed: PR●. -- Hydrocotyle umbellata L.: USA state noxious weed: PR●. -- Pastinaca sativa L.: USA state noxious weed: OH●. -- Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link: USA state noxious weed: WA●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Aethusa cynapium L. -- Ammi majus L. -- Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. -- Anethum graveolens L. -- Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. -- Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. -- Anthriscus scandicina Mansf., nom. illeg. = Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. -- Anthriscus Pers. spp. -- Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. -- Apium ammi Urb. = Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilson -- Apium graveolens var. dulce (Mill.) Pers. -- Apium graveolens var. rapaceum (Mill.) Gaudin -- Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell. ex Benth. = Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilson -- Apium segetum (L.) Dumort. = Petroselinum segetum (L.) W. D. J. Koch -- Bunium bulbocastanum L. -- Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem. -- Bupleurum rotundifolium L. -- Carum carvi L. -- Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. -- Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz -- Chaerophyllum L. spp. -- Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Cicuta maculata L. -- Cicuta L. spp. -- Conium maculatum L. -- Coriandrum sativum L. -- Cuminum cyminum L. -- Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilson -- Cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Raf. -- Daucus carota subsp. carota L. -- Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. -- Daucus pusillus Michx. -- Didiscus coeruleus (Graham) DC. = Trachymene coerulea Graham -- Eryngium articulatum Hook. -- Eryngium petiolatum Hook. -- Eryngium L. spp. -- Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. -- Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. -- Foeniculum vulgare Mill. -- Heracleum lanatum Michx. = Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Briq. -- Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier -- Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Briq. -- Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance -- Lomatium geyeri (S. Watson) J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Lomatium simplex (Nutt. ex S. Watson) J. F. Macbr. = Lomarium triternatum (Pursh) J. M. Coult. & Rose subsp. platycarpum (Torr.) Cronquist-- Lomatium Raf. spp. -- Lomarium triternatum (Pursh) J. M. Coult. & Rose subsp. platycarpum (Torr.) Cronquist-- Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. -- Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Torr. -- Pastinaca sativa L. -- Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias -- Perideridia oregana (S. Watson) Mathias -- Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill -- Petroselinum segetum (L.) W. D. J. Koch -- Pimpinella anisum L. -- Pimpinella saxifraga L. -- Sanicula canadensis L. -- Sanicula marilandica L. -- Sanicula L. spp. -- Scandix pecten-veneris L. -- Torilis anthriscus (L.) C. C. Gmel., nom. illeg. = Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. -- Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. -- Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. -- Torilis Adans. spp. -- Trachymene coerulea Graham -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Aethusa cynapium L.w -- Ammi majus L.w -- Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. -- Anethum graveolens L.a -- Angelica acutiloba (Siebold & Zucc.) Kitag. -- Angelica archangelica L.f -- Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.a -- Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.w -- Apium graveolens L.a -- Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell. ex Benth. = Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilson -- Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr. -- Bifora radians M. Bieb. -- Bifora testiculata (L.) Spreng.-- Bupleurum falcatum L. -- Bupleurum rotundifolium L. -- Carum carvi L. a -- Conium maculatum L.w -- Coriandrum sativum L.a -- Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. -- Cuminum cyminum L.a -- Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilsonw -- Daucus carota L.a -- Didiscus coeruleus (Graham) DC. = Trachymene coerulea Graham -- Eryngium carlinae F. Delaroche -- Eryngium giganteum M. Bieb. -- Foeniculum vulgare Mill.a -- Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier w -- Heracleum pubescens (Hoffm.) M. Bieb. -- Heracleum sphondylium L.w -- Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. -- Hydrocotyle umbellata L. -- Levisticum officinale W. D. J. Kochf -- Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. -- Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. -- Pastinaca sativa L.a -- Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hilla -- Petroselinum hortense auct. = Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill -- Petroselinum sativum hort. = Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill -- Pimpinella anisum L. a -- Pimpinella major (L.) Huds.f -- Pimpinella saxifraga L.f -- Scandix pecten-veneris L.w -- Spananthe paniculata Jacq.w -- Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC.w -- Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn.w -- Trachymene coerulea Graham -- Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Aciphylla J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. -- Acronema Falc. ex Edgew. -- Actinolema Fenzl -- Actinotus Labill. -- Adenosciadium H. Wolff -- Aegokeras Raf. -- Aegopodium L. -- Aethusa L. -- Aframmi C. Norman -- Afrocarum Rauschert -- Afroligusticum C. Norman -- Afrosison H. Wolff -- Agasyllis Spreng. -- Agrocharis Hochst. -- Ainsworthia Boiss. -- Alepidea F. Delaroche -- Aletes J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Alococarpum Riedl & Kuber -- Ammi L. -- Ammodaucus Coss. & Durieu -- Ammoides Adans. -- Ammoselinum Torr. & A. Gray -- Anethum L. -- Angelica L., nom. cons. prop. -- Anginon Raf. -- Angoseseli Chiov. -- Anisopoda Baker -- Anisosciadium DC. -- Anisotome Hook. f. -- Annesorhiza Cham. & Schltdl. -- Anthriscus Pers., nom. cons. -- Aphanopleura Boiss. -- Apiastrum Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray -- Apium L., nom. cons. prop. -- Apodicarpum Makino -- Arctopus L. -- Arcuatopterus M. L. Sheh & R. H. Shan -- Arracacia Bancr. -- Artedia L. -- Asciadium Griseb. -- Asteriscium Cham. & Schltdl. -- Astomaea Rchb. -- Astrantia L. -- Astrodaucus Drude -- Astydamia DC. -- Athamanta L. -- Aulacospermum Ledeb. -- Austropeucedanum Mathias & Constance -- Autumnalia Pimenov -- Azilia Hedge & Lamond -- Azorella Lam. -- Berula Besser ex W. D. J. Koch -- Bifora Hoffm., nom. cons. -- Bilacunaria Pimenov & V. N. Tikhom. -- Bolax Comm. ex Juss. -- Bonannia Guss., nom. cons. -- Bowlesia Ruiz & Pav. -- Brachyscias J. M. Hart & Henwood -- Bunium L. -- Bupleurum L., nom. cons. prop. -- Cachrys L. -- Calyptrosciadium Rech. f. & Kuber -- Capnophyllum Gaertn. -- Carlesia Dunn -- Caropsis (Rouy & E. G. Camus) Rauschert -- Carum L. -- Caucalis L. -- Cenolophium W. D. J. Koch -- Centella L. -- Cephalopodum Korovin -- Chaerophyllopsis H. Boissieu -- Chaerophyllum L., nom. cons. prop. -- Chaetosciadium Boiss. -- Chamaele Miq. -- Chamaesciadium C. A. Mey. -- Chamaesium H. Wolff -- Chamarea Eckl. & Zeyh. -- Changium H. Wolff -- Chlaenosciadium C. Norman -- Choritaenia Benth. -- Chuanminshen M. L. Sheh & R. H. Shan -- Chymsydia Albov -- Cicuta L. -- Cnidiocarpa Pimenov -- Cnidium Cusson -- Coaxana J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Conioselinum Hoffm. -- Conium L. -- Conopodium W. D. J. Koch, nom. cons. -- Coriandrum L. -- Cortia DC. -- Cortiella C. Norman -- Cotopaxia Mathias & Constance -- Coulterophytum B. L. Rob. -- Crenosciadium Boiss. -- Crithmum L. -- Cryptotaenia DC., nom. cons. -- Cuminum L. -- Cyathoselinum Benth. -- Cyclorhiza M. L. Sheh & R. H. Shan -- Cyclospermum Lag., nom. cons. -- Cymbocarpum DC. -- Cymopterus Raf. -- Cynosciadium DC. -- Dactylaea Fedde ex H. Wolff -- Dasispermum Neck. ex Raf. -- Daucosma Engelm. & A. Gray -- Daucus L. -- Dethawia Endl. -- Deverra DC. -- Dichosciadium Domin -- Dickinsia Franch. -- Dicyclophora Boiss. -- Dimorphosciadium Pimenov -- Diplaspis Hook. f. -- Diplolophium Turcz. -- Diplotaenia Boiss. -- Diposis DC. -- Domeykoa Phil. -- Donnellsmithia J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Dorema D. Don -- Dracosciadium Hilliard & B. L. Burtt -- Drusa DC. -- Ducrosia Boiss. -- Dystaenia Kitag. -- Echinophora L. -- Elaeoselinum W. D. J. Koch ex DC. -- Eleutherospermum K. Koch -- Enantiophylla J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Endressia J. Gay -- Eremocharis Phil. -- Eremodaucus Bunge -- Ergocarpon C. C. Towns. -- Erigenia Nutt. -- Eriocycla Lindl. -- Eriosynaphe DC. -- Eryngium L. -- Erythroselinum Chiov. -- Eurytaenia Torr. & A. Gray -- Exoacantha Labill. -- Ezosciadium B. L. Burtt -- Falcaria Fabr., nom. cons. -- Fergania Pimenov -- Ferula L. -- Ferulago W. D. J. Koch -- Foeniculum Mill. -- Frommia H. Wolff -- Froriepia K. Koch -- Fuernrohria K. Koch -- Galagania Lipsky -- Geocaryum Coss. -- Gingidia J. W. Dawson -- Glaucosciadium B. L. Burtt & P. H. Davis -- Glehnia F. Schmidt ex Miq. -- Glia Sond. -- Glochidotheca Fenzl -- Gongylosciadium Rech. f. -- Grafia Rchb. -- Grammosciadium DC. -- Guillonea Coss. -- Gymnophyton Clos -- Gymnosciadium Hochst. -- Hacquetia Neck. ex DC. -- Halosciastrum Koidz. -- Haplosciadium Hochst. -- Haplosphaera Hand.-Mazz. -- Harbouria J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Harrysmithia H. Wolff -- Haussknechtia Boiss. -- Hellenocarum H. Wolff -- Heptaptera Margot & Reut. -- Heracleum L. -- Hermas L. -- Heteromorpha Cham. & Schltdl., nom. cons. -- Hladnikia Rchb. -- Hohenackeria Fisch. & C. A. Mey. -- Homalocarpus Hook. & Arn. -- Homalosciadium Domin -- Horstrissea Greuter et al. -- Huanaca Cav. -- Hyalolaena Bunge -- Hydrocotyle L. -- Itasina Raf. -- Johrenia DC. -- Kadenia Lavrova & V. N. Tikhom. -- Kafirnigania Kamelin & Kinzik. -- Kalakia Alava -- Kandaharia Alava -- Karatavia Pimenov & Lavrova -- Karnataka P. K. Mukh. & Constance -- Kedarnatha P. K. Mukh. & Constance -- Keraymonia Farille -- Kitagawia Pimenov -- Klotzschia Cham. -- Komarovia Korovin -- Korovinia Nevski & Vved. -- Korshinskia Lipsky -- Kosopoljanskia Korovin -- Kozlovia Lipsky -- Krasnovia Popov ex Schischk. -- Krubera Hoffm. -- Kundmannia Scop., nom. cons. -- Ladyginia Lipsky -- Lagoecia L. -- Lalldhwojia Farille -- Laretia Gillies & Hook. -- Laser Borkh. ex P. Gaertn. et al. -- Laserpitium L. -- Lecokia DC. -- Ledebouriella H. Wolff -- Lefebvrea A. Rich. -- Lereschia Boiss. -- Levisticum Hill, nom. cons. -- Lichtensteinia Cham. & Schltdl., nom. cons. -- Lignocarpa J. W. Dawson -- Ligusticopsis Leute -- Ligusticum L. -- Lilaeopsis Greene -- Limnosciadium Mathias & Constance -- Lisaea Boiss. -- Lomatium Raf. -- Lomatopodium Fisch. & C. A. Mey. -- Magadania Pimenov & Lavrova -- Magydaris W. D. J. Koch ex DC. -- Malabaila Hoffm. -- Mandenovia Alava -- Marlothiella H. Wolff -- Mastigosciadium Rech. f. & Kuber -- Mathiasella Constance & C. L. Hitchc. -- Mediasia Pimenov -- Meeboldia H. Wolff -- Melanosciadium H. Boissieu -- Melanoselinum Hoffm. -- Meum Mill. -- Micropleura Lag. -- Microsciadium Boiss. -- Mogoltavia Korovin -- Molopospermum W. D. J. Koch -- Monizia Lowe -- Mulinum Pers. -- Muretia Boiss. -- Musineon Raf. -- Myrrhidendron J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Myrrhis Mill. -- Myrrhoides Heist. ex Fabr. -- Naufraga Constance & Cannon -- Neocryptodiscus Hedge & Lamond -- Neogoezia Hemsl. -- Neonelsonia J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Neoparrya Mathias -- Neoplatytaenia Geld. -- Neosciadium Domin -- Niphogeton Schltdl. -- Nirarathamnos Balf. f. -- Nothosmyrnium Miq. -- Notiosciadium Speg. -- Notopterygium Boissieu -- Oedibasis Koso-Pol. -- Oenanthe L. -- Oligocladus Chodat & Wilczek -- Oliveria Vent. -- Opopanax W. D. J. Koch -- Oreocome Edgew. -- Oreomyrrhis Endl. -- Oreonana Jeps. -- Oreoschimperella Rauschert -- Oreoxis Raf. -- Orlaya Hoffm. -- Ormopterum Schischk. -- Ormosciadium Boiss. -- Orogenia S. Watson -- Oschatzia Walp. -- Osmorhiza Raf., nom. cons. -- Ottoa Kunth -- Oxypolis Raf. -- Pachyctenium Maire & Pamp. -- Pachypleurum Ledeb. -- Palimbia Besser ex DC. -- Paraligusticum V. N. Tikhom. -- Paraselinum H. Wolff -- Parasilaus Leute -- Pastinaca L. -- Pastinacopsis Golosk. -- Paulita Soják -- Pedinopetalum Urb. & H. Wolff -- Pentapeltis (Endl.) Bunge -- Perideridia Rchb. -- Perissocoeleum Mathias & Constance -- Petagnaea Caruel -- Petroedmondia Tamamsch. -- Petroselinum Hill -- Peucedanum L. -- Phellolophium Baker -- Phlojodicarpus Turcz. ex Ledeb. -- Phlyctidocarpa Cannon & W. L. Theobald -- Physospermopsis H. Wolff -- Physospermum Cusson -- Physotrichia Hiern -- Pilopleura Schischk. -- Pimpinella L. -- Pinacantha Gilli -- Pinda P. K. Mukh. & Constance -- Platysace Bunge -- Pleurospermopsis C. Norman -- Pleurospermum Hoffm. -- Podistera S. Watson -- Polemannia Eckl. & Zeyh., nom. cons. -- Polemanniopsis B. L. Burtt -- Polylophium Boiss. -- Polytaenia DC. -- Polyzygus Dalzell -- Portenschlagiella Tutin -- Pozoa Lag. -- Prangos Lindl. -- Prionosciadium S. Watson -- Psammogeton Edgew. -- Pseudocarum C. Norman -- Pseudorlaya (Murb.) Murb. -- Pseudoselinum C. Norman -- Pternopetalum Franch. -- Pterygopleurum Kitag. -- Ptilimnium Raf. -- Ptychotis W. D. J. Koch -- Pycnocycla Lindl. -- Pyramidoptera Boiss. -- Registaniella Rech. f. -- Rhabdosciadium Boiss. -- Rhodosciadium S. Watson -- Rhopalosciadium Rech. f. -- Rhysopterus J. M. Coult. & Rose -- Ridolfia Moris -- Rouya Coincy -- Rumia Hoffm. -- Rutheopsis A. Hansen & G. Kunkel -- Sajanella Soják -- Sanicula L. -- Saposhnikovia Schischk. -- Scaligeria DC., nom. cons. -- Scandia J. W. Dawson -- Scandix L. -- Schizeilema (Hook. f.) Domin -- Schoenolaena Bunge -- Schrenkia Fisch. & C. A. Mey. -- Schtschurowskia Regel & Schmalh. -- Schulzia Spreng., nom. cons. -- Schumannia Kuntze -- Sclerochorton Boiss. -- Sclerotiaria Korovin -- Scrithacola Alava -- Selinum L., nom. cons. -- Semenovia Regel & Herder -- Seseli L. -- Seselopsis Schischk. -- Shoshonea Evert & Constance -- Silaum Mill. -- Sinocarum H. Wolff ex R. H. Shan & F. T. Pu, nom. cons. prop. -- Sinodielsia H. Wolff -- Sinolimprichtia H. Wolff -- Sison L. -- Sium L. -- Smyrniopsis Boiss. -- Smyrnium L. -- Sonderina H. Wolff -- Soranthus Ledeb. -- Spananthe Jacq. -- Spermolepis Raf. -- Sphaenolobium Pimenov -- Sphaerosciadium Pimenov & Kljuykov -- Sphallerocarpus Besser ex DC. -- Sphenocarpus Korovin -- Sphenosciadium A. Gray -- Spuriodaucus C. Norman -- Spuriopimpinella (H. Boissieu) Kitag. -- Stefanoffia H. Wolff -- Steganotaenia Hochst. -- Stenocoelium Ledeb. -- Stenosemis E. Mey. ex Sond. -- Stenotaenia Boiss. -- Stewartiella Nasir -- Stoibrax Raf. -- Symphyoloma C. A. Mey. -- Synelcosciadium Boiss. -- Szovitsia Fisch. & C. A. Mey. -- Taenidia (Torr. & A. Gray) Drude -- Tamamschjania Pimenov & Kljuykov -- Tauschia Schltdl., nom. cons. -- Tetrataenium (DC.) Manden. -- Thamnosciadium Hartvig -- Thapsia L. -- Thaspium Nutt. -- Thecocarpus Boiss. -- Tilingia Regel -- Tinguarra Parl. -- Todaroa Parl. -- Tongoloa H. Wolff -- Tordyliopsis DC. -- Tordylium L. -- Torilis Adans. -- Tornabenea Parl. -- Trachydium Lindl. -- Trachymene Rudge -- Trachysciadium Eckl. & Zeyh. -- Trachyspermum Link, nom. cons. -- Transcaucasia M. Hiroe -- Trepocarpus Nutt. ex DC. -- Tricholaser Gilli -- Trigonosciadium Boiss. -- Trinia Hoffm., nom. cons. -- Trochiscanthes W. D. J. Koch -- Turgenia Hoffm. -- Uldinia J. M. Black -- Vanasushava P. K. Mukh. & Constance -- Vicatia DC. -- Xanthogalum Avé-Lall. -- Xanthosia Rudge -- Xatardia Meisn. & J. Zeyh. -- Yabea Koso-Pol. -- Zeravschania Korovin -- Zizia W. D. J. Koch -- Zosima Hoffm.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 846. Murley, M.R. 1946. Fruit key to the Umbelliferae in Iowa, with plant distribution records. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 20:349–364.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit illustrations, poor to no seed illustrations [true seeds seldom seen]. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Gaertner, Baillon, Murley (1945), Engler & Prantl. Embryo illustration(s): Martin.
• Fruit and seed. 1 of 19. Actinolema macrolema Boiss.: fruit and fruit with calyx. • Fruit. 2 of 19. Actinotus helianthi Labill.: fruits. • Fruit. 3 of 19. Actinotus helianthi Labill.: fruits. • Fruit. 4 of 19. Anethum graveolens L.: fruits. • Fruit. 5 of 19. Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss.: fruiting head. • Fruit. 6 of 19. Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss.: fruit. • Fruit. 7 of 19. Artedia squamata L.: fruits. • Fruit. 8 of 19. Bifora testiculata (L.) Spreng.: fruits. • Fruit. 9 of 19. Carum carvi L.: fruits. • Fruit. 10 of 19. Eryngium nasturtifolium Juss.: fruiting head. • Fruit. 11 of 19. Heracleum wallichii DC.: fruits. • Fruit. 12 of 19. Scandix pecten-veneris L.: fruits. • Fruit. 13 of 19. Zosima absinthifolia (Vent.) Link: fruits. • Embryo. 14 of 19. Cicuta virosa L.: embryo. • Embryo. 15 of 19. Eryngium sanguisorba Cham. & Schltdl.: embryo. • Embryo. 16 of 19. Heracleum mantagazzianum Sommier & Levier: embryo. • Embryo. 17 of 19. Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC.: embryos. • Embryo. 18 of 19. Ridolfia segetum Moris: embryo. • Embryo. 19 of 19. Tordylium aegyptiacum (L.) Lam.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
