| | Family guide for fruits and seeds |
Synonyms: Cyananthaceae J. Agardh; Cyphiaceae A. DC.; Cyphocarpaceae Reveal & Hoogland; Jasionaceae Dumort.; Lobeliaceae R. Br.; Nemacladaceae Nutt.
Common name: Bellflower Family.
Number of genera 87. Number of species 1950.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple, or schizocarp, or multiple; capsule, or berry (Lobelioideae, not Spjut); coccarium; coccetum; ceratium capsule, or poricidal capsule (Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl., Spjut Fig. 42C & 4 families Campanulaceae, Loganiaceae, Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae), or loculicidal capsule (at least apically, but not Spjut); capsule not inflated, or inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; without persistent central column; not within accessory organ(s); many-seeded; many; 2–5(–10)-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; without sterile carpels; apex not beaked; wall leathery, or fleshy; dehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent regularly; passively; linearly, or non-linearly; by dorsal sutures, or ventral sutures, or circumscissile slit (Lysipoma & Siphocodon); by porate; at apex; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute, or minute; less than 1 mm long, or 1 to less than 5 mm long; 0.4–1.6 mm long (at least); circular, or elliptic, or fusiform, or oblong; in transection lenticular, or terete; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; shiny, or dull; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface tuberculate; surface reticulate, or ribbed, or rugose, or striate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; without wings, or with wing(s) (occaaionally); without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Raphe conspicuous. Endosperm development cellular; copious, or moderate; fleshy; smooth; with starch (Cephalostigma); with oils (usually); without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed, or rudimentary (possibly); 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.1–0.7 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; linear, or foliate; with spatulate cotyledons; straight; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed, or tiny; 0.06–0.5 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle, or somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1–2 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Campanula carpatica Jacq. -- Campanula medium L. -- Campanula medium var. calycanthema T. Moore = Campanula medium ‘Calycanthema’ L. -- Campanula persicifolia L. -- Campanula rapunculoides L. -- Campanula rotundifolia L. -- Downingia Torr. spp. -- Lobelia cardinalis L. -- Lobelia erinus L. -- Lobelia inflata L. -- Lobelia L. spp. -- Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. -- Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. = Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. -- Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Campanula carpatica Jacq.f -- Campanula colorata Wall. -- Campanula fragilis Cirillof -- Campanula garganica Ten.f -- Campanula glomerata L.f -- Campanula lactiflora M. Bieb.f -- Campanula medium L.f -- Campanula persicifolia L.f -- Campanula portenschlagiana Schult. f -- Campanula pyramidalis L.f -- Campanula speculum-veneris L. = Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix -- Campanula rapunculus L.f -- Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaixf -- Lobelia cardinalis L.f -- Lobelia erinus L.f -- Lobelia fulgens Willd. = Lobelia cardinalis L. f -- Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. -- Trachelium caeruleum L. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Adenophora Fisch. -- Apetahia Baill. -- Astrocodon Fed. -- Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk -- Azorina Feer -- Berenice Tul. -- Brighamia A. Gray -- Burmeistera H. Karst. & Triana -- Calcaratolobelia Wilbur -- Campanula L. -- Canarina L., nom. cons. -- Centropogon C. Presl -- Clermontia Gaudich. -- Codonopsis Wall. -- Craterocapsa Hilliard & B. L. Burtt -- Cryptocodon Fed. -- Cyananthus Wall. ex Benth., nom. cons. -- Cyanea Gaudich. -- Cylindrocarpa Regel -- Cyphia P. J. Bergius -- Cyphocarpus Miers -- Delissea Gaudich. -- Dialypetalum Benth. -- Diastatea Scheidw. -- Dielsantha E. Wimm. -- Downingia Torr., nom. cons. -- Echinocodon D. Y. Hong -- Edraianthus A. DC., nom. cons. -- Feeria Buser -- Githopsis Nutt. -- Grammatotheca C. Presl -- Gunillaea Thulin -- Hanabusaya Nakai -- Heterochaenia DC. -- Heterocodon Nutt. -- Heterotoma Zucc. -- Hippobroma G. Don -- Homocodon D. Y. Hong -- Howellia A. Gray -- Hypsela C. Presl -- Isotoma (R. Br.) Lindl. -- Jasione L. -- Legenere McVaugh -- Legousia Durande -- Leptocodon (Hook. f.) Lem. -- Lobelia L. -- Lysipomia Kunth -- Merciera A. DC. -- Michauxia L'Hér., nom. cons. -- Microcodon A. DC. -- Monopsis Salisb. -- Musschia Dumort. -- Namacodon Thulin -- Nemacladus Nutt. -- Nesocodon Thulin -- Ostrowskia Regel -- Palmerella A. Gray -- Parishella A. Gray -- Peracarpa Hook. f. & Thomson -- Petromarula Vent. ex R. Hedw. -- Physoplexis (Endl.) Schur -- Phyteuma L. -- Platycodon A. DC. -- Popoviocodonia Fed. -- Porterella Torr. -- Pratia Gaudich. -- Prismatocarpus L'Hér., nom. cons. -- Pseudonemacladus McVaugh -- Rhigiophyllum Hochst. -- Roella L. -- Ruthiella Steenis -- Sclerotheca A. DC. -- Sergia Fed. -- Siphocampylus Pohl -- Siphocodon Turcz. -- Solenopsis C. Presl -- Symphyandra A. DC. -- Theilera E. Phillips -- Trachelium L. -- Treichelia Vatke -- Trematolobelia Zahlbr. ex Rock -- Trimeris C. Presl -- Triodanis Raf. -- Unigenes E. Wimm. -- Wahlenbergia Schrad. ex Roth, nom. cons. -- Zeugandra P. H. Davis
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 983. Shetler, S.G. & N.R. Morin. 1986. Seed morphology in North American Campanulaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73:653–688; Haridasan, V.K. & P.K. Mukherjee. 1988. Seed surface features of some members of the Indian Campanulaceae. Phytomorphology 37:277–285.
General references
Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Roosmalen, M.G.M. van. 1985. Fruits of the Guianan flora, 483 pp. Institute of Systematic Botany, Wageningen Agricultural University. Drukkerij Veenman B.V., Wageningen, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and acceptable seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Cronquist, Wood, Jr. Seed illustration(s): Wood, Jr., LeMaout & Decaisne, Shetler & Morin (1986), Gunn & Ritchie. Embryo illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, Martin.
• Seed. 1 of 14. Brighamia insignis A. Gray: seeds. • Seed. 2 of 14. Campanula sarmatica Ker Gawl.: seeds. • Fruit. 3 of 14. Clermontia kakeana Meyen: fruit. • Seed. 4 of 14. Clermontia kakeana Meyen: seeds. • Fruit. 5 of 14. Cyanea angustifolia (Cham.) Hillebr.: fruits broken and entire. • Seed. 6 of 14. Cyanea angustifolia (Cham.) Hillebr.: seeds. • Fruit. 7 of 14. Cyphia bulbosa P. J. Berguis: fruit with calyx. • Seed. 8 of 14. Cyphia bulbosa P. J. Berguis: seeds. • Seed. 9 of 14. Legousia pentagonia (L.) Druce: seeds. • Fruit. 10 of 14. Lobelia yuccoides Hillebr.: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 11 of 14. Lobelia yuccoides Hillebr.: seed. • Fruit. 12 of 14. Trematolobelia kauaiensis (Rock) Skottsb.: fruit. • Seed. 13 of 14. Trematolobelia kauaiensis (Rock) Skottsb.: seeds. • Embryo. 14 of 14. Lobelia chinensis Lour.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
