Family guide for fruits and seeds

J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz

Lardizabalaceae R. Brown

Synonyms: Decaisneaceae Loconte

Common name: Lardizabala Family.

Number of genera 8. Number of species 21.

Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.

Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.

Fruits

Pistil(s) compound; 2–5 to 11–20; 3(–15)-pistillate (3(-6–15)); with carpels nearly separate to base, or carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; multiple; Boquila baccetum, or camaretum (Spjut has 4 families: Alismataceae, Annonaceae, Lardizabalaceae), or follicetum (Akebia, Decaisnea); without persistent central column; 3(–15)-carpellate (carpels 1–5 in whorls of 3); with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; wall fleshy; indehiscent, or dehiscent (Decaisnea). Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; fleshy; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present; fleshy (white in Decaisnea); composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system, or with lactiform cavity system (Decaisnea). Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.

Seeds

Aril absent, or present (Akebia); a true aril; white (or colorless); vestigal; adnate to testa; fleshy; of funicular origin; fleshy (soft). Seed larger than minute; to 10 to less than 25 mm long; to 11 mm long; oval and reniform (sub); in transection sub compressed; not bowl shaped, or bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface smooth; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; black, or brown (all shades); thin; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Raphe conspicuous; texture as testa; shorter than seed; included in dehisced fruit. Endosperm development cellular; copious; fleshy-soft, or fleshy-firm, or fleshy; smooth; without starch, or with starch (Decaisnea); with oils, or hemicellulose; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.

Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.1–0.3 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric and basal; linear; linear; straight; parallel to seed length, or oblique to seed length; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; moderately developed; 0.3 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed; straight; not thickened.

Distribution

New World, Old World. South America (Chile: Lardizabala, Boquila), Asia Major, southeastern Asia (Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China).

Notes

Decaisnea has fruits with seeds in two ranks.

Weed information

No USA noxious weeds.

Listed seeds

No ASOA or ISTA listed seeds.

Accepted genera

Akebia Decne. -- Archakebia C. Y. Wu et al. -- Boquila Decne. -- Decaisnea Hook. f. & Thomson, nom. cons. -- Holboellia Wall. -- Lardizabala Ruiz & Pav. -- Parvatia Decne. -- Sinofranchetia (Diels) Hemsl. -- Stauntonia DC.

References specific to this family

Cronquist page 131.

General references

Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.

Illustrations

Poor fruit and acceptable seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Engler & Prantl. Seed illustration(s): Karen, Corner. Embryo illustration(s): Karen, LeMaout & Decaisne, Engler & Prantl, Baillon, Corner, Martin. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 034: Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. (A-B), Boquila trifoliata (DC.) Decne. (C-D), Decaisnea fargesii Franch. E-F), Holboellia fargesi Reaub. (G-H), Lardizabala biternata Ruiz & Pav. (I-J), Parvatia chinensis Franch. (K-L), Sinofranchetia chinensis (Franch.) Hemsl. (M-N), Stauntonia hexaphylla Decne.(O-P).

• Fruit. 1 of 11. Sinofranchetia chinensis (Franch.) Hemsl.: fruit. • Seed. 2 of 11. Sinofranchetia chinensis (Franch.) Hemsl.: seeds. • Fruit. 3 of 11. Lardizabala biternata Ruiz & Pav.: fruits. • Seed. 4 of 11. Lardizabala biternata Ruiz & Pav.: seeds. • Embryo. 5 of 11. Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne.: embryo. • Embryo. 6 of 11. Boquila trifoliata (DC.) Decne.: embryo. • Embryo. 7 of 11. Decaisnea fargesii Franch.: embryo. • Embryo. 8 of 11. Holboellia angustifolia Wall.: embryo. • Embryo. 9 of 11. Lardizabala biternata Ruiz & Pav.: embryo. • Embryo. 10 of 11. Sinofranchetia chinensis (Franch.) Hemsl.: embryo. • Embryo. 11 of 11. Stauntonia hexaphylla Decne.: embryo.