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Synonyms: Lepidocarpaceae Schultz Sch., nom. inval
Common name: Protea Family.
Number of genera 76. Number of species 1350.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium, or anthocarp; simple, or compound; coccum (Spjut Fig. 23A-B & 3 families: Connaraceae, Myristicaceae, Proteaceae), or follicle (Spjut 6 families: Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Connaraceae, Crossosomataceae, Proteaceae), or drupe; folliconum (Spjut Fig. 30D & only family); compound; achenoconum (Spjut Figs. 5A-E & 6A-B & 3 families: Betulaceae, Cannabaceae, Proteaceae), or sorosus; without persistent central column; 1-seeded to many-seeded; 1-seeded (to many); 1-carpellate; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent (Grevilleoid genera). Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent at apex; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; hard, or thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute (small to large Macadamia); ovate, or circular (in nut); in transection with wing and from a follicle compressed, or terete (from a nut); not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity without food reserves, or with food reserves (Ballendena, Personnia), or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm (Ballendena, Personnia); without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface unsmooth; surface with merged raised features; surface wrinkled; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; with wing(s), or without wings; 1-winged; with wing at one end; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; thin, or membranous, or woody and thick (Macadamia); not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Hilum larger than punctate; basal, or marginal. Endosperm development nuclear; scant (Ballendena, Persoonia); without starch; with oils (Persoonia).
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling testa (no food reserve); 1 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; foliate; with spatulate cotyledons, or investing cotyledons; straight; parallel to seed length; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2 (3–8 Persoonia); well developed; 0.7–0.9 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 3–5.8 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous; thin, or thick; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; unequal in size, or equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle small; not thickened.
Distribution
Pantropical and pansubtropical. New World, Old World. South America, Africa, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Johnson & Briggs (1975): Fruit compressed, ventricose or gibbous, smooth or rugose or verrucose or bristly with points, occ. indehiscent, 1-celled, 1–2-seeded, anut, smara, or drupe, occassionally capsule, ollicel, 1–2-valved, 1–2-many-seeded, 1-celled or 2-celled by false septum formed by membranes detached from testa of contiguous seeds, and separable into 2 plates. Airy Shaw: Ovary occ. borne on gynophore and at its base are commonly nectarial outgrowths.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Hawaii (HI).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Grevillea banksii R. Br.: USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Grevillea banksii R. Br. -- Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.f -- Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acidonia L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs -- Adenanthos Labill. -- Agastachys R. Br. -- Alloxylon P. H. Weston & Crisp -- Athertonia L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs -- Aulax P. J. Bergius -- Austromuellera C. T. White -- Banksia L. f., nom. cons. -- Beauprea Brongn. & Gris -- Beaupreopsis Virot -- Bellendena R. Br. -- Brabejum L. -- Buckinghamia F. Muell. -- Cardwellia F. Muell. -- Carnarvonia F. Muell. -- Catalepidia P. H. Weston -- Cenarrhenes Labill. -- Conospermum Sm. -- Darlingia F. Muell. -- Diastella Salisb. ex Knight -- Dilobeia Thouars -- Dryandra R. Br., nom. cons. -- Eidothea A. W. Douglas & B. Hyland -- Embothrium J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. -- Eucarpha (R. Br.) Spach -- Euplassa Salisb. ex Knight -- Faurea Harv. -- Finschia Warb. -- Floydia L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs -- Franklandia R. Br. -- Garnieria Brongn. & Gris -- Gevuina Molina -- Grevillea R. Br. ex Knight, nom. cons. -- Hakea Schrad. -- Helicia Lour. -- Heliciopsis Sleumer -- Hicksbeachia F. Muell. -- Hollandaea F. Muell. -- Isopogon R. Br. ex Knight, nom. cons. -- Kermadecia Brongn. & Gris -- Knightia R. Br., nom. cons. -- Lambertia Sm. -- Leucadendron R. Br., nom. cons. -- Leucospermum R. Br., nom. cons. -- Lomatia R. Br., nom. cons. -- Macadamia F. Muell. -- Malagasia L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs -- Megahertzia A. S. George & B. Hyland -- Mimetes Salisb. -- Musgravea F. Muell. -- Neorites L. S. Sm. -- Opisthiolepis L. S. Sm. -- Oreocallis R. Br. -- Orites R. Br. -- Orothamnus Pappe ex Hook. -- Panopsis Salisb. ex Knight -- Paranomus Salisb. -- Persoonia Sm., nom. cons. -- Petrophile R. Br. ex Knight -- Placospermum C. T. White & W. D. Francis -- Protea L., nom. cons. -- Roupala Aubl. -- Serruria Burm. ex Salisb. -- Sleumerodendron Virot -- Sorocephalus R. Br., nom. cons. -- Spatalla Salisb. -- Sphalmium B. G. Briggs et al. -- Stenocarpus R. Br., nom. cons. -- Stirlingia Endl. -- Strangea Meisn. -- Symphionema R. Br. -- Synaphea R. Br. -- Telopea R. Br., nom. cons. -- Toronia L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs -- Triunia L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs -- Turrillia A. C. Sm. -- Vexatorella Rourke -- Virotia L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs -- Xylomelum Sm.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 608. Johnson, L.A.S. & B.G. Briggs. 1975. On the Proteaceae - the evolution and classification of a southern family. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 8:83–182.
General references
Airy Shaw, H.K. 1973. A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, 1,131 pp. University Press, Cambridge, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Roosmalen, Schopmeyer, Engler & Prantl, LeMaout & Decaisne, Gaertner. Seed illustration(s): Schopmeyer, Engler & Prantl, NoxWeed, LeMaout & Decaisne, Gaertner. Embryo illustration(s): Schopmeyer, Engler & Prantl, NoxWeed, LeMaout & Decaisne.
• Fruit. 1 of 11. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.: fruit. • Seed. 2 of 11. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.: seeds. • Fruit. 3 of 11. Hakea drupacea (C. F. Gaertn.) Roem. & Schult.: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 4 of 11. Hakea drupacea (C. F. Gaertn.) Roem. & Schult.: seeds. • Seed. 5 of 11. Leucadendron rubrum Burm. F.: seeds. • Fruit. 6 of 11. Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell.: fruit. • Seed. 7 of 11. Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell.: embryo. • Fruit. 8 of 11. Persoonia pinifolia R. Br.: fruit. • Seed. 9 of 11. Persoonia pinifolia R. Br.: seed. • Seed. 10 of 11. Protea obtusifolia H. Buek ex Meisn.: fruit. • Embryo. 11 of 11. Hakea gibbosa (Sm.) Cav.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
