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Common name: Geissoloma Family.
Number of genera 1. Number of species 1 (Geissoloma marginatum (L.) Juss.).
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; capsule; loculicidal capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; within accessory organ(s); within perianth (hard), or involucre; accrescent; connate; more than 1 but less than 10-seeded; 4-seeded; less than 1 cm long; 0.5–0.6 cm long; 4-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels separating at style; without sterile carpels; sulcate; with 1 and 2-sulcate (assumed); apex not beaked; dehiscent. Dehiscent unit endocarp(s). Dehiscent regularly; passively (assumed); linearly; by dorsal sutures; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp dark brown (all shades); durable; without armature; with wing(s); 4-winged; with wing(s) lateral; without apical respiratory hole. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present, or absent (depending on whether it is a white funiculus or a caruncle); an arillike structure. Arillike structure falling with seed a caruncle (some authors merely a white funiculus). Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long; 3.5 mm long; obovate and straight, or oblong, or C-shaped; in transection compressed; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; shiny; surface unsmooth; surface with merged raised features; surface reticulate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; thin; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Endosperm copious, or scant; fleshy; smooth; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.2 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; conical; straight; oblique to seed length; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.5 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; incumbent to hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed; spirally twisted; not thickened.
Distribution
Old World. Africa (Cape Provence, South Africa).
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
No ASOA or ISTA listed seeds.
Accepted genera
Geissoloma Lindl. ex Kunth
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 711. Dahlgren, R. & V.S. Rao. 1969. A study of the family Geissolomataceae. Bot. Not. 122:207–227.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and acceptable seed illustrations. Cronquist has no illustration. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Dahlgren & Rao (1969). Seed illustration(s): Karen. Embryo illustration(s): Karen, Dahlgren & Rao (1969). Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 218: Geissoloma marginatum (A-B) [no rough].
• Fruit. 1 of 3. Geissoloma marginatum (L.) Juss.: fruit with calyx. • Seed. 2 of 3. Geissoloma marginatum (L.) Juss.: seed. • Embryo. 3 of 3. Geissoloma marginatum (L.) Juss.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
