| | Family guide for fruits and seeds |
Synonyms: Atropaceae Martinov; Cestraceae Schltdl.; Salpiglossidaceae Hutch.
Common name: Potato Family.
Number of genera 94. Number of species 2600.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium, or anthocarp; simple; berry (Spjut Figs. 11C-D & 12A-B), or capsule, or drupe, or carcerulus (Spjut Fig. 17A-B); foraminicidal capsule, or pyxidium capsule (Hyoscyamus), or septicidal capsule (Nicotiana); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; simple; diclesium; without persistent central column; within accessory organ(s); within calyx; persistent; soft calyx; few to many; few to many; 2-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; wall fleshy; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp yellow, or purple, or red, or green, or brown (all shades); shiny, or dull; durable; glabrous (without hairs); with armature, or without armature; with spines; without armature glochidiate; smooth, or not smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present; fleshy; composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed minute, or larger than minute; less than 1 mm long, or 5 to less than 10 mm long; 0.5–5.5 mm long; sub circular, or elliptic, or square; in transection compressed, or squared; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without food reserves, or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue, or with markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; dull; surface unsmooth, or smooth; surface with depressed features, or discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface punctate; surface tuberculate; surface reticulate; with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous, or pubescent (Lycopersicon); with hairs over surface; with short hairs; densely hairy; with straight hairs; without glandular pubescence; without wings, or with wing(s); 1-winged; with wing encompassing seed; with wing(s) solid; with solid wing(s) similar to testa; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; yellow, or black, or brown (all shades); coriaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve, or surrounding embryo. Hilum punctate, or larger than punctate. Endosperm development cellular, or helobial, or nuclear (latter two occasionally); copious; fleshy; semi- transparent; smooth; without starch, or with starch (seldom); with oils and proteins; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve), or nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve), or completely filling testa (no food reserve); at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; peripheral, or axile and centric; linear, or miniature, or foliate; with investing cotyledons; arcuate, or annular, or flatly coiled (circinate), or straight; parallel to seed length; surrounding endosperm; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed, or moderately developed, or tiny; not divaricate, or divaricate; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; not foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally cordate; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed, or well developed; straight, or curved; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Weed information
1 or more USA Federal noxious weeds, 1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA Federal noxious weeds: -- Lycium ferocissimum Miers: USA Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●. -- Solanum tampicense Dunal: USA Federal Noxious Weedª●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MAª, NCª, OKª, SCª, TXª. -- Solanum torvum Sw.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, HI●°, MA●, NC●, PR●. -- Solanum viarum Dunal: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: AR●°, AZ●, FL●°, GA°, MA●, MS●, NC●, PR●, SC°, TN●, TX●°. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Alabama (AL), Alaska (AK), Arizona (AZ), Arkansas (AR), California (CA), Colorado (CO), Connecticut (CT), Florida (FL), Georgia (GA), Hawaii (HI), Idaho (ID), Indiana (IN), Kansas (KS), Massachusetts (MA), Michigan (MI), Minnesota (MN), Mississippi (MS), Missouri (MO), Montana (MT), Nevada (NV), New Hampshire (NH), New Mexico (NM), North Carolina (NC), North Dakota (ND), Oklahoma (OK), Oregon (OR), Puerto Rico (PR), South Carolina (SC), South Dakota (SD), Tennessee (TN), Texas (TX), Washington (WA), Wyoming (WY).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Datura stramonium L.: USA state noxious weed: CT●, MI●°, NC°, PA●, PR●. -- Hyoscyamus niger L.: USA state noxious weed: CA●, CO●°, ID●°, NM●, NV●. -- Lycium ferocissimum Miers: USA Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●. -- Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.: USA state noxious weed: OH●. -- Physalis lobata Torr. (=Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf.): USA state noxious weed: CO°. -- Physalis longifolia Nutt.: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Physalis longifolia var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Cronquist: USA state noxious weed: ID°. -- Physalis viscosa L.: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf.: USA state noxious weed: CO°. -- Solanum americanum Mill.: USA state noxious weed: KS°. -- Solanum cardiophyllum Lindl.: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Solanum carolinense L.: USA state noxious weed: AK●°, AL°, AR●°, AZ●°, CA●°, CO°, CT°, DE°, FL°, GA°, HI●°, IA●°, IL°, IN°, KS°, LA°, MA°, MD°, ME°, MI●°, MN°, NC°, NE°, NH°, NJ°, NV●°, NY°, OH°, OK●°, PA°, RI°, SC°, SD°, TN°, TX°, VT°, WV°. -- Solanum dimidiatum Raf.: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Solanum dulcamara L.: USA state noxious weed: CT●, MI●°. -- Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.: USA state noxious weed: AL°, AR●°, AZ°, CA●°, CO°, FL°, GA°, HI●°, ID●°, KS°, LA°, MI●°, NM°, NV●°, OK●°, OR●, SC°, TX°, WA●°. -- Solanum interius Rydb.: USA state noxious weed: KS°. -- Solanum lanceolatum Cav.: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Solanum marginatum L. f.: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Solanum nigrum L.: USA state noxious weed: KS°, MI●°. -- Solanum ptychanthum Dunal: USA state noxious weed: IN°, KS°, MI●°, MN°, MO°. -- Solanum robustum H. L. Wendl.: USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Solanum rostratum Dunal: USA state noxious weed: HI°, ID●°, OR●, WA●. -- Solanum sarrachoides auct. (=Solanum physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds): USA state noxious weed: KS°, MI●°. -- Solanum spp.: USA state noxious weed: MS°. -- Solanum tampicense Dunal: USA Federal Noxious Weedª; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MAª, NCª, OKª, SCª, TXª. -- Solanum torvum Sw.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, HI●°, MA●, NC●, PR●. -- Solanum viarum Dunal: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: AR°, AZ●, FL●°, GA●°, MA●, MS●, NC●, PR●, SC°, TN●, TX●°. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Atropa belladonna L. -- Browallia L. spp. -- Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. -- Capsicum L. spp. -- Chamaesaracha grandiflora (Hook.) Fernald = Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydb. -- Datura stramonium L. -- Hyoscyamus niger L. -- Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydb. -- Lycium ferocissimum Miers -- Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum Mill. -- Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) H. Karst. = Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum Mill. -- Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. -- Nicotiana alata Link & Otto -- Nicotiana tabacum L. -- Nicotiana × sanderae W. Watson -- Nierembergia Ruiz & Pav. spp. -- Petunia Juss. spp. -- Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandwith -- Physalis alkekengi L. -- Physalis heterophylla Nees -- Physalis lobata Torr. = Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. -- Physalis longifolia var. longifolia Nutt. -- Physalis longifolia var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Cronquist -- Physalis pubescens L. -- Physalis L. spp. -- Physalis subglabrata Mack. & Bush = Physalis longifolia var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Cronquist -- Physalis virginiana var. sonorae (Torr.) Waterf. = Physalis longifolia var. longifolia Nutt. -- Physalis viscosa L. -- Physalis wrightii A. Gray = Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandwith -- Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. -- Salpiglossis sinuata Ruiz & Pav. -- Schizanthus Ruiz & Pav. spp. -- Solanum americanum Mill. -- Solanum cardiophyllum Lindl. -- Solanum carolinense L. -- Solanum dimidiatum Raf. -- Solanum dulcamara L. -- Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. -- Solanum heterodoxum Dunal -- Solanum interius Rydb. -- Solanum lanceolatum Cav. -- Solanum marginatum L. f. -- Solanum melongena L. -- Solanum nigrum L. -- Solanum physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds -- Solanum ptychanthum Dunal -- Solanum robustum H. L. Wendl. -- Solanum rostratum Dunal -- Solanum sarrachoides auct. = Solanum physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds -- Solanum L. spp. -- Solanum torvum Sw. -- Solanum triflorum Nutt. -- Solanum tuberosum L. -- Solanum viarum Dunal -- Solanum villosum Mill. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Atropa belladonna L.a -- Browallia speciosa Hook. -- Browallia viscosa Kunthf -- Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh.-- Capsicum annuum L.a -- Capsicum frutescens L.a -- Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.w -- Cestrum parqui L'Her.w -- Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn. -- Datura arborea L. = Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh.-- Datura fastuosa L. = Datura metel L. -- Datura inoxia Mill.w -- Datura metel L.f -- Datura stramonium L.f -- Duboisia leichhardtii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. -- Hyoscyamus muticus L. -- Hyoscyamus niger L.w -- Lycium ferocissimum Miersw -- Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.a -- Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) H. Karst. = Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. -- Nicotiana alata Link & Ottof -- Nicotiana rustica L. -- Nicotiana × sanderae W. Watsonf -- Nicotiana suaveolens Lehm.f -- Nicotiana tabacum L.a -- Nierembergia hippomanica Miersf -- Petunia × hybrida hort. ex E. Vilm.f -- Physalis alkekengi L.f -- Physalis lobata Torr. -- Physalis longifolia Nutt.w -- Physalis minima L.w -- Physalis peruviana L.w -- Physalis pubescens L.a -- Physalis subglabrata Mack. & Bush included in Physalis longifolia Nutt.-- Physalis viscosa L.w-- Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. = Physalis lobata Torr.w -- Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Thell.w -- Salpiglossis sinuata Ruiz & Pav.f -- Schizanthus pinnatus Ruiz & Pav.f -- Solanum capsicastrum Link ex Schauer = Solanum diflorum Vell.f -- Solanum carolinense L.w -- Solanum cornutum auct., non Lam. = Solanum rostratum Dunal -- Solanum diflorum Vell.f -- Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.w -- Solanum giganteum Jacq.f -- Solanum laciniatum Aitonf -- Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M. L. Jaegerw -- Solanum lycopersicum L. = Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. -- Solanum marginatum L. f.f -- Solanum mauritianum Scop.w -- Solanum melongena L.a -- Solanum muricatum Aiton -- Solanum nigrum L.w -- Solanum quitoense Lam. -- Solanum rostratum Dunalw -- Solanum sodomeum auct., non L. = Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M. L. Jaeger -- Solanum torvum Sw.w -- Solanum tuberosum L.a -- Solanum virginianum L. -- Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acnistus Schott -- Anisodus Link ex Spreng. -- Anthocercis Labill. -- Anthotroche Endl. -- Archiphysalis Kuang -- Athenaea Sendtn., nom. cons. -- Atropa L. -- Atropanthe Pascher -- Aureliana Sendtn., nom. illeg. -- Benthamiella Speg. -- Bouchetia Dunal -- Brachistus Miers -- Browallia L. -- Brugmansia Pers. -- Brunfelsia L., nom. cons. -- Calibrachoa Cerv. -- Capsicum L. -- Cestrum L. -- Chamaesaracha (A. Gray) Benth. -- Combera Sandwith -- Crenidium Haegi -- Cuatresia Hunz. -- Cyphanthera Miers -- Cyphomandra Mart. ex Sendtn. -- Datura L. -- Deprea Raf. -- Discopodium Hochst. -- Duboisia R. Br. -- Dunalia Kunth, nom. cons. -- Dyssochroma Miers -- Ectozoma Miers -- Exodeconus Raf. -- Fabiana Ruiz & Pav. -- Grabowskia Schltdl. -- Grammosolen Haegi -- Hawkesiophyton Hunz. -- Heteranthia Nees & Mart. -- Hunzikeria D'Arcy -- Hyoscyamus L. -- Iochroma Benth., nom. cons. -- Jaborosa Juss. -- Jaltomata Schltdl. -- Juanulloa Ruiz & Pav. -- Larnax Miers -- Latua Phil. -- Leptoglossis Benth. -- Leucophysalis Rydb. -- Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassl., nom. cons. -- Lycium L. -- Lycopersicon Mill. -- Mandragora L. -- Markea Rich. -- Melananthus Walp. -- Mellissia Hook. f. -- Merinthopodium Donn. Sm. -- Metternichia J. C. Mikan -- Nectouxia Kunth -- Nicandra Adans., nom. cons. -- Nicotiana L. -- Nierembergia Ruiz & Pav. -- Normania Lowe -- Nothocestrum A. Gray -- Oryctes S. Watson -- Pantacantha Speg. -- Pauia Deb & R. M. Dutta -- Petunia Juss., nom. cons. -- Phrodus Miers -- Physalis L. -- Physochlaina G. Don -- Plowmania Hunz. & Subils -- Protoschwenkia Soler. -- Przewalskia Maxim. -- Quincula Raf. -- Rahowardiana D'Arcy -- Reyesia Gay -- Salpichroa Miers -- Salpiglossis Ruiz & Pav. -- Saracha Ruiz & Pav. -- Schizanthus Ruiz & Pav. -- Schultesianthus Hunz. -- Schwenckia D. Royen ex L. -- Scopolia Jacq., nom. cons. -- Sessea Ruiz & Pav. -- Solandra Sw., nom. cons. -- Solanum L. -- Streptosolen Miers -- Symonanthus Haegi -- Trianaea Planch. & Linden -- Triguera Cav., nom. cons. -- Tsoala Bosser & D'Arcy -- Tubocapsicum (Wettst.) Makino -- Tzeltalia E. Estrada & M. Martínez -- Vassobia Rusby -- Vestia Willd. -- Withania Pauquy, nom. cons. -- Witheringia L'Hér.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 892 (also see Goetzeaceae & Sclerophylacaceae). Gunn, C.R. & F.B. Gaffney. 1974. Seed characteristics of 42 economically important species of Solanaceae in the United States. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1471:1–33.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Roosmalen, M.G.M. van. 1985. Fruits of the Guianan flora, 483 pp. Institute of Systematic Botany, Wageningen Agricultural University. Drukkerij Veenman B.V., Wageningen, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and acceptable seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Cronquist, LeMaout & Decaisne, Wood, Jr., Roosmalen. Seed illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, Schopmeyer, Gunn & Gaffney (1974). Embryo illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, Martin, Schopmeyer, Corner, Gunn & Gaffney (1974).
• Seed. 1 of 20. Atropa belladonna L.: seeds. • Seed. 2 of 20. Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D. Don: seed. • Seed. 3 of 20. Capsicum annuum L.: seeds. • Seed. 4 of 20. Datura inoxia Mill.: seeds. • Fruit. 5 of 20. Hyoscyamus sp.: fruit with calyx. • Seed. 6 of 20. Hyoscyamus sp.: seeds. • Seed. 7 of 20. Lycium chinense Mill.: seeds. • Seed. 8 of 20. Mandragora officinarum L.: seeds. • Seed. 9 of 20. Nicotiana tabacum L.: seeds. • Seed. 10 of 20. Solanum mammosum L.: seeds. • Seed. 11 of 20. Solanum quitoense Lam.: seeds. • Embryo. 12 of 20. Jaborosa runcinata Lam.: embryo. • Embryo. 13 of 20. Lycium ferocissimum Miers: embryo. • Embryo. 14 of 20. Physalis minima L.: embryo. • Embryo. 15 of 20. Schwenckia americana L.: embryo. • Embryo. 16 of 20. Sessea brasiliensis Toledo: embryo. • Embryo. 17 of 20. Solanum glaucophyllum Desf.: embryo. • Embryo. 18 of 20. Solanum memphiticum Gmel. var. abyssinicum (Dun) Cuf.: embryo. • Embryo. 19 of 20. Solanum anguivi Lam.: embryo. • Embryo. 20 of 20. Solanum torvum Sw.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
