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Synonyms: Scabiosaceae Martinov
Common name: Teasel Family.
Number of genera 14. Number of species 250.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule an intact or entire fruit.
Fruits
Pistil(s) 1; 1-pistillate. Fruit anthocarp; simple; cypsela; without persistent central column; within accessory organ(s), or not within accessory organ(s) (see Notes); within involucre (including 5 long awned calyx lobes), or calyx (epicalyx may also be present; see Notes); accrescent; persistent; soft calyx; 1-seeded; 1-seeded; less than 1 cm long; 0.3 cm long (at least); 1-carpellate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; indehiscent. Epicarp brown (all shades) (at least); durable; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed straight; in transection terete; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present (but hardly separable from pericarp), or absent; without embryo surrounded and capped by viscid tissue; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; membranous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Endosperm development cellular; scant, or moderate; fleshy; opaque; smooth; without starch; with oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve), or nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve); 0.9 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate; with spatulate cotyledons; straight; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; moderately developed, or well developed; 0.35–0.9 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1.7–4 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; not foliaceous; thin, or thick; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle small to well developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Old World and New World (Dipsacus sylvestris introduced). North America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor.
Notes
Scored similarly to Morinaceae. True fruit is an achene within an involucre = capsela. Mabberley recognized D. & Morinaceae. Cronquist: "Fruit an achene, enclosed (except at the top) by the epicalyx and commonly crowned by the persistent calyx". The epicalyx is illustrated in Devesa's (1984) Fig. 1 by Devesa (1984).
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Colorado (CO), Iowa (IA), Missouri (MO), New Mexico (NM), Oregon (OR).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Dipsacus fullonum L.: USA state noxious weed: CO●, MO●, NM●. -- Dipsacus laciniatus L.: USA state noxious weed: CO●, MO●, OR●. -- Dipsacus spp.: USA state noxious weed: IA●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Cephalaria transsylvanica (L.) Roem. & Schult. -- Dipsacus fullonum L. -- Dipsacus laciniatus L. -- Dipsacus L. spp. -- Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. -- Scabiosa arvensis L. = Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. -- Scabiosa atropurpurea L. -- Scabiosa caucasica M. Bieb. -- Scabiosa L. spp. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Roem. & Schult.w -- Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult.w -- Scabiosa atropurpurea L.f -- Scabiosa caucasica M. Bieb.f -- Scabiosa columbaria L.w -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Cephalaria Roem. & Schult., nom. cons. -- Dipsacus L. -- Knautia L. -- Lomelosia Raf. -- Pseudoscabiosa Devesa -- Pterocephalidium G. López -- Pterocephalodes V. Mayer & Ehrend. -- Pterocephalus Adans. -- Pycnocomon Hoffmanns. & Link -- Scabiosa L., nom. cons. prop. -- Scabiosiopsis Rech. f. -- Sixalix Raf. -- Succisa Haller -- Succisella Beck -- Tremastelma Raf.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 1013 (also see Morinaceae). Gonzalez, G.L. 1981. Pterocepalidium, un nuevo género Ibérico de la familia Dipsacaceae. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 43:245–252; Devesa, J.A. 1984. Pseudoscabiosa, génera nuevo de Dipsacaceae. Lagascalia 12:213–221.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Hooker, J.D. 1873 and forward. Icones Plantarum. William & Norgate, London. (plate number cited in text within [ ]), LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and no seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Hooker [3355], Cronquist, Gunn & Ritchie, Gonzalez (1987), Baillon, Engler & Prantl. Embryo illustration(s): Martin, LeMaout & Decaisne, Baillon, Gunn & Ritchie.
• Fruit. 1 of 14. Cephalaria leucantha (L.) Roem. & Schult.: fruiting head. • Fruit. 2 of 14. Cephalaria leucantha (L.) Roem. & Schult.: fruits. • Seed. 3 of 14. Cephalaria leucantha (L.) Roem. & Schult.: fruits. • Fruit. 4 of 14. Dipsacus asper Wall. ex DC.: fruiting head. • Fruit. 5 of 14. Dipsacus asper Wall. ex DC.: fruits. • Seed. 6 of 14. Dipsacus asper Wall. ex DC.: seeds. • Fruit. 7 of 14. Dipsacus fullonum L.: fruiting head. • Fruit. 8 of 14. Dipsacus fullonum L.: fruits. • Seed. 9 of 14. Dipsacus fullonum L.: seeds. • Fruit. 10 of 14. Scabiosa atropurpurea L.: fruiting head. • Fruit. 11 of 14. Scabiosa atropurpurea L.: fruits. • Seed. 12 of 14. Scabiosa atropurpurea L.: fruits. • Seed. 13 of 14. Scabiosa atropurpurea L.: naked fruit. • Embryo. 14 of 14. Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Roem. & Schult.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
