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Common name: Screw-pine Family.
Number of genera 3. Number of species 675.
Angiosperm. Liliopsida.
Disseminule an intact or entire fruit.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound, or simple; 1 to more than 21; 1–1000-pistillate; with carpels nearly separate to base, or carpels united. Fruit anthocarp, or pericarpium; simple; berry (of authors but not Spjut); compound; sorosus; without persistent central column; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded to many-seeded; 1-seeded (to many); 1-carpellate (to many); with carpels separate, or united; with carpels remaining united at maturity, or separating at maturity; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; wall some drupes woody, or fleshy (fleshy); indehiscent. Epicarp red, or orange, or yellow, or white (Freycineta only); durable; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent; fleshy; without lactiform cavity system. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; bony; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes, or splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; stone unilocular; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present; an arillike structure. Arillike structure falling with seed a strophiole (from raphe). Seed minute, or larger than minute; ovate; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm, or perisperm (Goldberg, 1986, mentioned "perisperm occasionally little"); without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface unsmooth, or smooth; surface with merged raised features; surface reticulate, or wrinkled, or striate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; membranous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Raphe conspicuous (filiform); as long as seed. Endosperm development at first nuclear, or cellular (later); copious; fleshy; smooth; without starch, or with starch (Freycineta); with oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Perisperm scanty (Goldberg); opaque. Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.1 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric (& basal); linear; straight; parallel to seed length, or oblique to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleoptile; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 1 cotyledon. Cotyledons one and not modified into scutellum; not circinately coiled.
Distribution
Old World. Africa (Madagascar), Asia Major, Oceania (to China, Japan, Malesia, New Zealand, Melanesia).
Notes
Dahlgren et al.: Fruit berry (Freycineta), where heads may consist of 10–1000 aggregated berries. In Sararanga and Pandanus fruits drupes. In Sararanga 12–80 pyrenes per fruit. In Pandanus drupes either monodrupe and 1-seeded or connate carpels of the phlanges (polydrupes), either with united or separate endocarps. Fruit berries with firm, rigid apex and fleshy base. Fruit fibrous drupes with bony endocarps. Strophiole developed from raphe. Embryo 2.5 times longer than wide.
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
ISTA listed seeds.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. -- Pandanus odorus Ridl. = Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Freycinetia Gaudich. -- Pandanus Parkinson -- Sararanga Hemsl.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 1091.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Dahlgren, R.M.T., H.T. Clifford and P.F. Yeo. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons, 520 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Cronquist has no illustration. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne. Seed illustration(s): Karen, Dahlgren at al., LeMaout & Decaisne. Embryo illustration(s): Karen, Dahlgren at al., LeMaout & Decaisne. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 338: Freycinetia banksii A. Cunn. (A-B), Pandanus affinis Kurz (C-D), Sararanga philippinensis Merrill (E-F).
• Fruit. 1 of 6. Pandanus furcatus Roxb.: fruit. • Fruit. 2 of 6. Pandanus tectorius Parkinson: fruit. • Seed. 3 of 6. Pandanus tectorius Parkinson: seed. • Embryo. 4 of 6. Freycinetia banksii A. Cunn.: embryo. • Embryo. 5 of 6. Pandanus affinis Kurz: embryo. • Embryo. 6 of 6. Sararanga philippinensis Merr.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
