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Synonyms: Ampelopsidaceae Kostel.; Cissaceae Drejer; Pterisanthaceae J. Agardh
Common name: Grape Family.
Number of genera 15. Number of species 800.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule an intact or entire fruit.
Fruits
Pistil(s) simple, or compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; berry; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; without persistent central column; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded to more than 1 but less than 10-seeded; 1–6-seeded; 2-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; wall fleshy; indehiscent. Epicarp black, or blue, or gray, or green, or purple, or red; dull, or shiny; durable, or evanscent; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present; fleshy; composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system. Endocarp absent. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long to 10 to less than 25 mm long; 4–12 mm long; obovate; in transection terete; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; shiny; surface unsmooth; with chalazal knot; surface with depressed features, or merged raised features; surface grooved (1 deep groove on each side of raphe); surface reticulate, or rugose; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black; bony; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Raphe conspicuous; texture as testa (ridge); as long as seed. Endosperm development nuclear; copious; fleshy-watery, or cartilaginous; ruminate, or smooth; with oils and proteins; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; with apical lobes, or without apical lobes; 3-lobed at apex; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.2–0.4 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate, or linear; with spatulate cotyledons; straight; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; moderately developed; 0.4–0.6 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1.5–2 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous, or not foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Arkansas (AR), Massachusetts (MA), Ohio (OH).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. (=Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Momiy.): USA state noxious weed: MA●.-- Vitis girdiana Munson: USA state noxious weed: ARª.-- Vitis spp.: USA state noxious weed: OH●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Vitis L. spp. -- Vitis vulpina L. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Vitis vinifera L. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acareosperma Gagnep. -- Ampelocissus Planch., nom. cons. -- Ampelopsis Michx. -- Cayratia Juss., nom. cons. -- Cissus L. -- Clematicissus Planch. -- Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston -- Nothocissus (Miq.) Latiff -- Parthenocissus Planch., nom. cons. -- Pterisanthes Blume -- Pterocissus Urb. & Ekman -- Rhoicissus Planch. -- Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. -- Vitis L. -- Yua C. L. Li
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 748.
General references
Boerlage, J. G. 1897–1914. Icones Borgorienses, 4 vols. E.J. Brill, Leiden (plate numbers are in [ ]), Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gray, A. 1848. Genera florae Americae boreali-orientalis illustrata, 2 vols. James Munroe and Co., Boston., Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): seed, or embryo. Seed illustration(s): Engler & Prantl, Gray, Boerlage [328], Karen, Schopmeyer. Embryo illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Engler & Prantl, Gray, Martin, Karen, Schopmeyer. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 236: Ampelocissus imperialis (Maxim.) Trautv. (A-C), Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Miq.) Planch. (D-F), Cayratia acris Domin (G-I), Cissus quadangularis L. (J-L), Cayratia (Columella) geniculata Gagnep.(M-O), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. (2: A-C), Rhoicissus (erythrodes) tridentata (L.f.) Wild & R.B. Drumm. (2: D-F), Tetrastigma bracteolatum (Wall.) Planch. (2: G-I), Vitis amurensis (2: J-L), Clematicissus angustissima (F. Mueller) Planch.(2: M-O).
• Seed. 1 of 14. Ampelopsis cordata Michx.: seeds. • Fruit. 2 of 14. Cissus quadrangularis L.: fruit with peduncle. • Seed. 3 of 14. Cissus quadrangularis L.: seed. • Seed. 4 of 14. Vitis amurensis Rupr.: seeds. • Embryo. 5 of 14. Ampelocissus imperialis (Miq.) Planch.: embryo. • Embryo. 6 of 14. Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv.: embryo. • Embryo. 7 of 14. Cayratia acris (F. Muell.) Domin: embryo. • Embryo. 8 of 14. Cayratia geniculata (Blume) Gagnep.: embryo. • Embryo. 9 of 14. Cissus quadrangularis L.: embryo. • Embryo. 11 of 14. Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch.: embryo. • Embryo. 12 of 14. Rhoicissus tridentata (L. f.) Wild & R. B. Drumm.: embryo. • Embryo. 13 of 14. Tetrastigma bracteolatum (Wall.) Planch.: embryo. • Embryo. 14 of 14. Vitis amurensis Rupr.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
