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Synonyms: Loniceraceae Vest
Common name: Honeysuckle Family.
Number of genera 5. Number of species 200 (based on recognized genera).
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule an intact or entire fruit.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple, or compound; berry, or drupe; bibacca (Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim., Spjut Fig. 3C-F); berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; without persistent central column; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded (-several); 1-seeded (-several); with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; indehiscent. Epicarp durable; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs); hairs short; hairs dense; hairs not glandular; without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present; fleshy; composed of 1 unified layer. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; bony; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; without wing (assumed); without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute, or minute (Leycesteria?); oblong and straight; in transection compressed; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; shiny; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or merged raised features; surface grooved; surface reticulate, or ridged; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other, or with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other (slightly); without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Hilum larger than punctate (assumed). Endosperm copious (at least); without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve) (at least); 0.1–0.2 times the length of food reserve (estimated); at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate; with spatulate cotyledons; straight; parallel to seed length; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; moderately developed; 0.5 times length of embryo (assumed); somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1.5 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle (estimated); smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Pantemperate (North & South). New World, Old World. North America, Middle America (to Mexico), Europe, southeastern Asia (only to Philippines).
Notes
Caprifoliaceae, s.s., as defined by Backlund & Pyck (1998). See also Adoaceae for Sambucus & Viburnum; Linnaeaceae for Abelia, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia, Linnaea, Zabelia; Diervillaceae for Diervilla, Macodiervilla, Weigela.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Connecticut (CT), Illinois (IL), Massachusetts (MA), New Hampshire (NH), Vermont (VT).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Lonicera ×bella Zabel: USA state noxious weed: CT●, MA●, NH●, VT●. -- Lonicera japonica Thunb.: USA state noxious weed: CT●, IL●, MA●, NH●, VT●. -- Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim.: USA state noxious weed: CT●, MA●, VT●. -- Lonicera morrowii A. Gray: USA state noxious weed: CT●, MA●, NH●, VT●. -- Lonicera tatarica L.: USA state noxious weed: CT●, MA●, NH●, VT●. -- Lonicera xylosteum L.: USA state noxious weed: CT●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Lonicera japonica Thunb. -- Lonicera tatarica L. -- Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake -- Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. -- Triosteum perfoliatum L. -- Triosteum L. spp. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Heptacodium Rehder -- Leycesteria Wall. -- Lonicera L. -- Symphoricarpos Duhamel -- Triosteum L.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 1006 (s.s. also see Carlemanniaceae, Diervillaceae & Linnaeaceae). Backlund, A. & N. Pyck. 1998. Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, two new families of caprifolioids. Taxon 47:657–661; Akhter, R. 1986. Caprifoliaceae. In: E. Nasir & S.I. Ali, eds., Flora of Pakistan, No. 174. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and seed illustrations (due to changes in the family - see GRIN). Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Wood, Jr., Schopmeyer, Baillon, Akhter. Fruit illustration(s): Schopmeyer. Seed illustration(s): Wood, Jr., Schopmeyer, Baillon. Embryo illustration(s): Martin, Wood, Jr., Schopmeyer, Baillon.
• Fruit. 1 of 3. Lonicera acuminata Wall.: fruit. • Seed. 2 of 3. Lonicera acuminata Wall.: seeds. • Embryo. 3 of 3. Lonicera tatarica L.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
