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Synonyms: Muntingiaceae C. Bayer et al.; Sparmanniaceae J. Agardh
Common name: Linden Family.
Number of genera 47. Number of species 725.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium, or anthocarp; schizocarp, or simple; carcerulus (Spjut Fig. 18A), or capsule (not Spjut); druparium; septicidal capsule (Dubouzetia), or loculicidal capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; simple; pseudosamara (Tilia); without persistent central column; within accessory organ(s); within calyx; accrescent; persistent; 1-seeded; 1-seeded (to ?); 2-carpellate (to many); with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s), or endocarp(s). Dehiscent and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; glabrous (without hairs); without armature, or with armature; with bristles (echinate); without armature glochidiate; smooth, or not smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin, or hard; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; stone plurilocular; stone 1–3-loculate; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent, or present (Mortoniodendron). Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long to 5 to less than 10 mm long; 2.5–7 mm long; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves to without apparent food reserves to without food reserves (Brownlowia); with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface wide grooved; surface warted; surface reticulate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous, or pubescent; with hairs over surface; with short hairs; densely hairy; with straight hairs; velutinous; without agglutinated hairs; without mucilaginous hairs; without glandular pubescence; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); crustaceous, or coriaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve, or surrounding embryo. Raphe conspicuous, or inconspicuous. Endosperm development nuclear; copious; fleshy; smooth; without starch (assumed); with fatty acid containing cyclopropene, or without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling testa (no food reserve), or partially filling testa (with food reserve), or nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve); 0.9–1.7 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate; with investing cotyledons, or spatulate cotyledons; straight, or arcuate; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.5 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 8 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle, or partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous; thin; flat, or once-folded; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size, or unequal in size; markedly unequal; not punctate dotted; one developed and the other scalelike and emerging (along with radicle and plumule) through terminal pore left by fallen style. Hypocotyl-radicle well developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Goldberg: fruit loculicidal, schizocarp, nut, or samara, rarely subbaccate. Tilia: fruit indehiscent nut; Grewia: separating into cocci. Muntingiaceae (Taxon 47:37–42. 1998) is not recognized as a separate family.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Hawaii (HI).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.: USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.: USA state noxious weed: HI●°. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ISTA listed seeds.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Corchorus capsularis L.a -- Corchorus olitorius L.a -- Pentace burmanica Kurz -- Sparrmannia africana L. f. -- Tilia americana L. -- Tilia cordata Mill.t -- Tilia platyphyllos Scop.t -- Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.w -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Ancistrocarpus Oliv., nom. cons. -- Apeiba Aubl. -- Asterophorum Sprague -- Berrya Roxb., nom. cons. -- Brownlowia Roxb., nom. cons. -- Burretiodendron Rehder -- Christiana DC. -- Clappertonia Meisn. -- Colona Cav. -- Corchorus L. -- Craigia W. W. Sm. & W. E. Evans -- Desplatsia Bocq. -- Dicraspidia Standl. -- Diplodiscus Turcz. -- Duboscia Bocq. -- Eleutherostylis Burret -- Entelea R. Br. -- Erinocarpus Nimmo ex J. Graham -- Glyphaea Hook. f. -- Goethalsia Pittier -- Grewia L. -- Hainania Merr. -- Heliocarpus L. -- Hydrogaster Kuhlm. -- Jarandersonia Kosterm. -- Luehea Willd., nom. cons. -- Lueheopsis Burret -- Microcos L. -- Mollia Mart., nom. cons. -- Mortoniodendron Standl. & Steyerm. -- Muntingia L. -- Neotessmannia Burret -- Oceanopapaver Guillaumin -- Pentace Hassk. -- Pentaplaris L. O. Williams & Standl. -- Petenaea Lundell -- Pseudocorchorus Capuron -- Schoutenia Korth. -- Sicrea (Pierre) Hallier f. -- Sparrmannia L. f., nom. cons. -- Tahitia Burret -- Tetralix Griseb., nom. cons. -- Tilia L. -- Trichospermum Blume -- Triumfetta L. -- Vasivaea Baill. -- Vinticena Steud.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 350. Bayer, C., M.W. Chase, & M.F. Fay. 1998. Muntingiaceae, a new family of dicotyledons with malvalean affinities. Taxon 47:37–42.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Gray, Spjut, Baillon, Engler & Prantl, Schopmeyer, Gaertner. Seed illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Gray, Baillon, Schopmeyer, Gunn & Ritchie. Embryo illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Gray, Baillon, Schopmeyer,Gunn & Ritchie, Corner.
• Fruit. 1 of 19. Berrya pacifica A. C. Sm.: fruits. • Seed. 2 of 19. Berrya pacifica A. C. Sm.: seeds. • Fruit. 3 of 19. Corchorus olitorius L.: dehisced and closed fruits. • Seed. 4 of 19. Corchorus olitorius L.: seeds. • Fruit. 5 of 19. Erinocarpus sp.: fruit. • Seed. 6 of 19. Erinocarpus sp.: seeds. • Fruit. 7 of 19. Grewia biloba G. Don: fruits. • Seed. 8 of 19. Grewia biloba G. Don: seed. • Fruit. 9 of 19. Jarandersonia clemensiae (Burret) Kosterm.: fruiting head. • Fruit. 10 of 19. Oceanopapaver neo-caledonicum Guillaumin: fruit. • Seed. 11 of 19. Oceanopapaver neo-caledonicum Guillaumin: seeds. • Fruit. 12 of 19. Tilia mandshurica Rupr. & Maxim.: fruit. • Seed. 13 of 19. Tilia mandshurica Rupr. & Maxim.: seed. • Fruit. 14 of 19. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.: fruits. • Seed. 15 of 19. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.: seeds. • Embryo. 16 of 19. Corchorus aestuans L.: embryos. • Embryo. 17 of 19. Corchorus olitorius L.: embryos. • Embryo. 19 of 19. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
