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Common name: Lopseed Family.
Number of genera 8. Number of species 100.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) simple, or compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit anthocarp, or pericarpium; simple; capsule; loculicidal capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; simple; diclesium (Phryma); without persistent central column; valves not diverging at top of central column; with styles(s); at apex; within accessory organ(s); within calyx, or tepals; accrescent; persistent; soft calyx, or hard calyx (Phryma); tepals (or perianth or sepals) not smooth; tepals (or perianth or sepals) teminal hooks; tepals (or perianth or sepals) not forming wings; 1-seeded to many-seeded; 1-seeded (- many); less than 1 cm long; 0.2–0.8 cm long; 1–2-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style, or separating at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; wall membranaceous (Phryma); dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp brown (all shades); dull; durable; membranous (Phryma); glabrous (without hairs); without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent. Endocarp absent, or present; not separating from exocarp; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed minute, or larger than minute; less than 1 mm long; 0.3–0.6 mm long; elliptic, or linear; in transection terete; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface unsmooth, or smooth; surface with merged raised features; surface reticulate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); membranous, or crustaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding endosperm. Hilum punctate. Endosperm development cellular; thin; smooth; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; U-shaped (Phryma), or straight; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; not divaricate; 0.8 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; convoluted, or plicate (Phryma); smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted.
Distribution
Pantemperate. New World, Old World. North America, South America, Europe, Australia.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Oklahoma (OK), Washington (WA).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Glossostigma diandrum (L.) Kuntze: USA state noxious weed: OKª, WAª. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Diplacus aurantiacus (Curtis) Jeps. = Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis-- Diplacus longiflorus Nutt. = Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis var. pubescens (Torr.) D. M. Thomps.-- Diplacus puniceus Nutt. = Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis -- Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis -- Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis var. pubescens (Torr.) D. M. Thomps.-- Mimulus guttatus DC. -- Mimulus × hybridus hort. ex Voss -- Mimulus longiflorus (Nutt.) A. L. Grant = Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis var. pubescens (Torr.) D. M. Thomps. -- Mimulus puniceus (Nutt.) Steud. = Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis var. pubescens (Torr.) D. M. Thomps. -- Mimulus L. spp. -- Mimulus tigrinus hort. = Mimulus × hybridus hort. ex Voss -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Glossostigma Wight & Arn., nom. cons. -- Hemichaena Benth. -- Lancea Hook. f. & Thomson -- Leucocarpus D. Don -- Mazus Lour. -- Mimulus L. -- Peplidium Delile -- Phryma L.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 923 (in Verbenaceae but with added genera from Scrophulariaceae). Hanbi, Y. & T. Puchiu, eds. 1979. Scrophulariaceae (1). In: Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 67(2):1–431; Beardsley, P.M. & R.G. Olmstead. 2002. Redefining Phrymaceae: The placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma. Amer. J. Bot. 89:1093–1102; Thieret, J.W. 1972. The Phrymaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 53:226–233.
General references
Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted].
Illustrations
• Fruit. 1 of 6. Mimulus tilingi Regel: fruits. • Seed. 2 of 6. Mimulus tilingi Regel: seeds. • Fruit. 3 of 6. Phryma leptostachya L.: fruits. • Fruit. 4 of 6. Phryma leptostachya L.: fruit. • Seed. 5 of 6. Phryma leptostachya L.: seeds. • Embryo. 6 of 6. Mimulus orbicularis Wall. ex Benth.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
