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Common name: Carlemannia Family.
Number of genera 2. Number of species 3.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; capsule; loculicidal capsule and septicidal capsule (fruiting opening both along 1 or more sutures and though the locular wall); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; without persistent central column; valves diverging from top of central column (resembling umbrella ribs); crowned by sepals; with styles(s), or with stylar remenant(s); at apex; not within accessory organ(s); many-seeded; many; less than 1 cm long, or from 1–5 cm long; 0.3–1 cm long (× 0.5–1); 4–5-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; without fleshy lateral appendage; not sulcate; in transection angled, or terete; 4-angled; apex not beaked; wall membranaceous, or fleshy; dehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent regularly; actively, or passively; elastically; with valves recurving; valves not spirally twisting; linearly; by dorsal sutures, ventral sutures, and back of carpel; at apex; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp brown (all shades), or white (often with a reddish tinge); dull; durable; chartaceous (Carlemannia), or leathery (Silvianthus); not glabrous (with hairs) (Carlemannia), or glabrous (without hairs) (Silvianthus); hairs short; hairs scattered; hairs brown; hairs not glandular; without armature; smooth, or not smooth; ribbed (Carlemannia); without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; chartaceous; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed minute; less than 1 mm long, or 1 to less than 5 mm long; 0.5–0.8 mm long (× 0.3–0.5; Carlemannia), or 2.5–3.5 mm long (× 1.3–1.5; Silvianthus); circular to obovate (Carlemannia), or falcate (Silvianthus); in transection squared to terete (Carlemannia), or squared to triangular (Silvianthus); not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without pellicle layer; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; dull; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with merged raised features; surface reticulate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); not becoming mucilaginous when wetted. Hilum punctate. Raphe inconspicuous. Endosperm copious; crystalline-granular, or hard; opaque; smooth; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; rudimentary; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); ca. 0.2 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; linear; linear; linear; straight; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; tiny; not divaricate; ca. 0.2 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; not foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle small; straight; not thickened. Plumule undeveloped.
Distribution
Old World. Southeastern Asia (to Sumatra).
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
No ASOA or ISTA listed seeds.
Accepted genera
Carlemannia Benth. -- Silvianthus Hook. f.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 1006 (Cronquist & Mabberley have in Caprifoliaceae). Backlund, A. & N. Pyck. 1998. Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, two new families of caprifolioids. Taxon 47:657–661; Kern, J.H. & C.G.G.J. van Steenis. 1951. Caprifoliaceae. In: C.G.G.J. van Steenis, ed. , Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, 4:175–194; Thiv, M. 2004. Carlemanniaceae. In K. Kubitzki, ed., The families and genera of vascular plants: VII flowering plants, dicotyledons, Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), pp. 57–59.
General references
Steenis, C.G.G.J. van, ed. 1950 onwards. Flora Malesiana, ser. 1. Spermatophyta. Noordhoff-Kolff, Djakarta.
Illustrations
No fruit and seed illustrations.
• Fruit. 1 of 4. Carlemannia griffithii Benth.: fruits. • Seed. 2 of 4. Carlemannia griffithii Benth.: seeds. • Embryo. 3 of 4. Carlemannia griffithii Benth.: embryo. • Embryo. 4 of 4. Silvianthus bracteatus Hook. F.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
