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Synonyms: Ascyraceae Plenck; Calophyllaceae J. Agardh; Cambogiaceae Horan.; Garciniaceae Bartl.; Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.; Hypericaceae Juss.; Moronobeaceae Miers, nom. nud.
Common name: Mangosteen Family.
Number of genera 45. Number of species 1200 (Based on Guttiferae entry).
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or an incomplete fruit with epicarp and mesocarp absent and endocarp exposed, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) 1; 1-pistillate. Fruit pericarpium; simple; nuculanium (Harungana madagascariensis), or drupe (Endodesmia), or capsule, or berry; septifragal capsule, or septicidal capsule (Tovomita); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; with persistent central column, or without persistent central column; valves not diverging at top of central column; not within accessory organ(s); from 1–5 cm long; 4 cm long; (1–)3–5(–20)-carpellate (+); with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; without sterile carpels; apex not beaked; wall fleshy and leathery; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent regularly; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present; fleshy; composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin, or hard; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present (Clusieae), or absent (Hypercoideae, Kielmeyerioideae, Moronbeiodeae, Garcinieae); a true aril, or an arillike structure; orange, or red, or yellow; adnate to hilum (Clusioideae); of funicular origin, or micropylar origin; lobed, or unlobed. Arillike structure falling with seed a chalaza; dilated into membranous wing, or not dilated into membranous wing. Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long to 50+ mm long; 2–50 mm long; straight, or D-shaped; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface granular; surface reticulate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; without wings, or with wing(s) (Hypericoideae); 1-winged; with wing at one end, or wing encompassing seed; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); crustaceous, or membranous, or thin, or spongy; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo. Endosperm development nuclear; opaque; smooth; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling testa (no food reserve); at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate; straight, or C-shaped; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; with cotyledons containing oils; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons, or acotyledonous. Cotyledons 2; well developed, or tiny, or scale-like, or scarcely differentiated; 0.07–0.3(–0.9) times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 4 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous; flat, or circinate (barely); smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate, or connate (Calophylloideae); basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle vestigial, or small, or moderately developed, or well developed; straight (assumed); much thickened, or not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan (not from the literature sources). New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Also see Bonnetiaceae. Subfamilies Kielmeyeroideae - seeds without arils, cotyledons separate; and Hypericoideae - fruit capsule or berry, rarely drupe, seeds 5-many, without arils, cotyledons free; Calophylloideae - fruit drupe or occasionally capsule with 1–4 seeds without arils, embryo large with united cotelydons; Moronbeioideae - fruit berry with (1)-many seeds without arils and embryos undifferentiated; Clusioideae - subdivided into Clusieae - fruit usually capsule with 5-many seeds with arils, embryo with large hypocotyl and vestigal to no cotyledons; and Garcinieae - fruit drupe with 1–5(-13) seeds without arils, embryo with large hypocotyl and no cotelydons. Goldberg recognized Clusiaceae & Hypericaceae.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: California (CA), Colorado (CO), Hawaii (HI), Idaho (ID), Montana (MT), Nevada (NV), Oregon (OR), South Dakota (SD), Washington (WA).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Hypericum perforatum L.: USA state noxious weed: CA●°, CO●°, HI°, ID°, MT●°, NV●°, OR°, SD●, WA●°. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Hypericum perforatum L. -- Hypericum scouleri Hook. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. -- Garcinia mangostana L. -- Hypericum androsaemum L.w (other family classification = Hypericaceae) -- Hypericum perforatum L.f (other family classification = Hypericaceae) -- Hypericum tetrapterum Fr.w (other family classification = Hypericaceae) -- Mammea americana L. -- Mammea emarginata Moc. & Sessé ex Choisy = Mammea americana L.-- Symphonia globulifera L. f. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Allanblackia Oliv. ex Benth. & Hook. f. -- Calophyllum L. -- Caraipa Aubl. -- Chrysochlamys Poepp. -- Clusia L. -- Clusiella Planch. & Triana -- Cratoxylum Blume -- Dystovomita (Engl.) D'Arcy -- Eliea Cambess. -- Endodesmia Benth. -- Garcinia L. -- Haploclathra Benth. -- Harungana Lam. -- Hypericum L. -- Kayea Wall. -- Kielmeyera Mart. -- Lebrunia Staner -- Lianthus N. Robson -- Lorostemon Ducke -- Mahurea Aubl. -- Mammea L. -- Marila Sw. -- Mesua L. -- Montrouziera Pancher ex Planch. & Triana -- Moronobea Aubl. -- Neotatea Maguire -- Pentadesma Sabine -- Platonia Mart., nom. cons. -- Poeciloneuron Bedd. -- Psorospermum Spach -- Santomasia N. Robson -- Symphonia L. f. -- Thornea Breedlove & E. M. McClint. -- Thysanostemon Maguire -- Tovomita Aubl. -- Tovomitidium Ducke -- Triadenum Raf. -- Vismia Vand., nom. cons.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 337. Reynaud, C. 1985. Étude des téguments des grains de quelques Hypericum (Guttiferae) méditerranéens observés au M.E.B.I. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 7:85–96.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and J.V. Dennis. 1976. World guide to tropical drift seeds and fruits, 240 pp. The New York Times Book Co., New York, Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Roosmalen, M.G.M. van. 1985. Fruits of the Guianan flora, 483 pp. Institute of Systematic Botany, Wageningen Agricultural University. Drukkerij Veenman B.V., Wageningen, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or fruit incomplete, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Engler & Prantl, Gunn & Dennis, LeMaout & Decaisne, Gaertner, Baillon. Fruit illustration(s): Gunn & Dennis. Seed illustration(s): Engler & Prantl, LeMaout & Decaisne, Baillon, Gunn & Ritchie, Reynaud (1985). Embryo illustration(s): Corner, Engler & Prantl, LeMaout & Decaisne, Gunn & Ritchie.
• Fruit. 1 of 7. Calophyllum inophyllum L.: fruit. • Seed. 2 of 7. Calophyllum inophyllum L.: seed. • Seed. 3 of 7. Clusia rosea Jacq.: seeds. • Seed. 4 of 7. Garcinia oblongifolia Champ. ex Benth.: seed. • Fruit. 5 of 7. Hypericum montbretii Spach: fruit with calyx. • Seed. 6 of 7. Hypericum montbretii Spach: seeds. • Embryo. 7 of 7. Hypericum androsaemum L.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
