| | Family guide for fruits and seeds |
Synonyms: Abaminaceae J. Agardh, nom. illeg.; Acanthochlamydaceae P. C. Kao; Agapanthaceae F. Voigt; Alliaceae Borkh., nom. cons.; Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.; Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil., nom. cons.; Androsynaceae Salisb.; Anemarrhenaceae Conran et al.; Anthericaceae J. Agardh; Aphyllanthaceae Burnett; Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons.; Asphodelaceae Juss.; Aspidistraceae Hassk.; Asteliaceae Dumort.; Blandfordiaceae R. Dahlgren & Clifford; Boryaceae M. W. Chase et al.; Brunsvigiaceae Horan.; Bulbocodiaceae Salisb.; Burchardiaceae Takht.; Calochortaceae Dumort.; Campynemataceae Dumort.; Cepaceae Salisb.; Chionographidaceae Takht.; Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons.; Compsoaceae Horan.; Convallariaceae Horan.; Cyanellaceae Salisb.; Cymbanthaceae Salisb., nom. inval.; Cyrtanthaceae Salisb.; Dianellaceae Salisb.; Eriospermaceae Lem.; Eucomidaceae Salisb.; Fritillariaceae Salisb.; Funkiaceae Horan., nom. illeg.; Galanthaceae G. Mey.; Gethyllidaceae Raf.; Gilliesiaceae Lindl.; Haemanthaceae Salisb.; Heloniadaceae J. Agardh; Hemerocallidaceae R. Br.; Herreriaceae Kunth; Hesperocallidaceae Traub; Hostaceae B. Mathew; Hyacinthaceae Batsch ex Borkh.; Hypoxidaceae R. Br.; Ixioliriaceae (Pax) Nakai; Japonoliriaceae Takht.; Johnsoniaceae Lotsy, nom. nud.; Lachenaliaceae Salisb.; Lanariaceae H. Huber ex R. Dahlgren; Laxmanniaceae Bubani; Leucojaceae Batsch ex Borkh.; Medeolaceae Takht.; Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.; Milulaceae Traub; Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon; Ophiopogonaceae Meisn.; Oporanthaceae Salisb.; Ornithogalaceae Salisb.; Pancratiaceae Horan.; Paridaceae Dumort.; Platymetraceae Salisb., nom. illeg.; Polygonataceae Salisb.; Ruscaceae M. Roem., nom. cons.; Scillaceae Vest; Scoliopaceae Takht.; Strumariaceae Salisb.; Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons.; Themidaceae Salisb.; Tofieldiaceae Takht.; Tricyrtidaceae Takht., nom. cons.; Trilliaceae Chevall., nom. cons.; Tulbaghiaceae Salisb.; Tulipaceae Batsch ex Borkh.; Uvulariaceae A. Gray ex Kunth, nom. cons.; Veratraceae Salisb.; Walleriaceae H. Huber ex Takht., nom. cons.; Xeronemataceae M. W. Chase et al.; Xerophyllaceae Takht.; Zephyranthaceae Salisb.
Common name: Lily Family.
Number of genera 309. Number of species 4550.
Angiosperm. Liliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) 1; 1-pistillate. Fruit pericarpium; simple, or schizocarp; berry, or capsule, or glandispermidium (Ophiopogon Spjut 3 families: Berberidaceae, Liliaceae, Violaceae); Acanthocarpus coccarium, or achenarium (Tricoryne); loculicidal capsule, or septicidal capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; without persistent central column; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded to many-seeded; 1-seeded (- many); (2–)3(–4)-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels radiating at maturity; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete, or angled; 3-angled; apex not beaked, or beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively (assumed); at apex; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp brown (all shades), or black, or red; dull, or shiny; durable, or evanscent; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; smooth, or not smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent, or present; fleshy; composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system; and endocarp not sharply differentiated, or sharply differentiated. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent, or present (Asphodelus, Colchicum); a true aril, or an arillike structure; well developed; adnate to hilum; fleshy; of funicular origin; fleshy. Arillike structure falling with seed an elaisome. Seed larger than minute; C-shaped, or D-shaped, or circular, or curved, or irregular, or fusiform; in transection flattened, or compressed, or terete; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without caudate appendage(s), or with caudate appendage(s) (at one or both ends); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent, or present; fleshy. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue (assumed); without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer, or with fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight, or loose; dull, or shiny; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface muricate, or papillate; surface ribbed, or reticulate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous, or pubescent; with hairs over surface; without glandular pubescence; without wings, or with wing(s); 1-winged; with wing on one side; with wing(s) solid; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or blue (Ophiopogon); membranous, or crustaceous, or thin; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Hilum punctate, or larger than punctate. Raphe conspicuous, or inconspicuous. Endosperm development helobial, or nuclear; copious; cartilaginous, or hard, or fleshy; smooth; without starch, or with starch (rarely); with hemicellulose, or oils, or proteins; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.1–2 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric, or basal (& axile); linear; straight, or bent, or arcuate, or C-shaped, or J-shaped; parallel to seed length; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleoptile; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 1 cotyledon. Cotyledons one and terminal with lateral plumule; not modified into scutellum; not circinately coiled.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Goldberg also recognized Trilliaceae, Amaryllidaceae. Embryo 1.6–16 times longer than wide.
Weed information
1 or more USA Federal noxious weeds, 1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA Federal noxious weeds: -- Asphodelus fistulosus L.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●, NM●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Alabama (AL), Arkansas (AR), California (CA), Delaware (DE), District of Colombia (DC), Florida (FL), Georgia (GA), Hawaii (HI), Illinois (IL), Indiana (IN), Kansas (KS), Kentucky (KY), Louisiana (LA), Maine (ME), Maryland (MD), Massachusetts (MA), Michigan (MI), Mississippi (MS), Missouri (MO), New Jersey (NJ), New Mexico (NM), New York (NY), North Carolina (NC), Ohio (OH), Oklahoma (OK), Oregon (OR), Pennsylvania (PA), Puerto Rico (PR), Rhode Island (RI), South Carolina (SC), Tennessee (TN), Texas (TX), Vermont (VT), Virginia (VA), West Virginia (WV).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Allium canadense L.: USA state noxious weed: DC°, FL°, IL°, MD°, ME°, MI●°, MO°, NJ°, NY°, OH°, PA°, RI°. -- Allium paniculatum L.: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Allium spp.: USA state noxious weed: AL°, AR●°, DE°, GA°, IN°, KS°, KY°, LA°, MA°, MS°, NC°, OK●°, SC°, TN°, TX°, VA°, VT°. -- Allium vineale L.: USA state noxious weed: CA●°, DC°, HI●°, IL°, MD°, ME°, MI●°, MO°, NJ°, NY°, OH°, OR°, PA°, RI°, WV°. -- Asphodelus fistulosus L.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●, NM●. -- Crinum americanum L.: USA state noxious weed: PRª●. -- Nothoscordum gracile (Aiton) Stearn: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Ornithogalum umbellatum L.: USA state noxious weed: AL●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Allium acuminatum Hook. -- Allium ampeloprasum L. -- Allium amplectens Torr. -- Allium canadense L. -- Allium cepa L. -- Allium cernuum Roth -- Allium fistulosum L. -- Allium neapolitanum Cirillo -- Allium paniculatum L. -- Allium porrum L. -- Allium praecox Brandegee -- Allium sativum L. -- Allium schoenoprasum L. -- Allium L. spp. -- Allium tricoccum Aiton -- Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. -- Allium vineale L. -- Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. -- Lilium regale E. H. Wilson -- Asparagus officinalis L. -- Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop -- Asphodelus fistulosus L. -- Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl. -- Brodiaea Sm. spp. -- Kniphofia Moench spp. -- Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. -- Nothoscordum inodorum (Aiton) G. Nicholson = Allium neapolitanum Cirillo -- Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. -- Zigadenus elegans Pursh = Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. -- Zigadenus gramineus Rydb. = Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. -- Zigadenus Michx. spp. -- Zigadenus venenosus var. gramineus (Rydb.) O. S. Walsh ex M. Peck = Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Allium bakeri Regel = Allium chinense G. Don (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium canadense L.w (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium cepa L.a (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium chinense G. Don (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium fistulosum L.a (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium giganteum Regel (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium moly L. (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium porrum L.a (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium sativum L. (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium schoenoprasum L.a (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium triquetrum L.w (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.a (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Allium vineale L.w (other family classification = Alliaceae) -- Amaryllis belladonna L. -- Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessopf (other family classification = Asparagaceae) -- Asparagus falcatus L. (other family classification = Asparagaceae) -- Asparagus officinalis L.a (other family classification = Asparagaceae) -- Asparagus plumosus Bakerw (other family classification = Asparagaceae) -- Asparagus retrofractus L. (other family classification = Asparagaceae) -- Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessopf (other family classification = Asparagaceae) -- Asparagus sprengeri Regel = Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop (other family classification = Asparagaceae) -- Asphodelus fistulosus L.w (other family classification = Asphodelaceae) -- Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.w (other family classification = Asphodelaceae) -- Aspidistra elatior Blume (other family classification = Ruscaceae) -- Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss. (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Chionodoxa sardensis Whittall ex Barr & Sugden (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Colchicum autumnale L.w (other family classification = Colchicaceae) -- Colchicum byzantinum Ker Gawl. (other family classification = Colchicaceae) -- Drimia maritimsa (L.) Stearn = Urginea maritima (L.) Baker-- Fritillaria imperialis L. -- Fritillaria meleagris L. -- Galanthus nivalis L. -- Gloriosa rothschildiana O'Brien = Gloriosa superba L. (other family classification = Colchicaceae) -- Gloriosa superba L.w (other family classification = Colchicaceae) -- Hippeastrum Hybrids f -- Hippeastrum × hybridum hort. = Hippeastrum Hybrids f -- Hyacinthus orientalis L. (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Hyacinthus parviflorus (Desf.) Pers. = Muscari parviflorum Desf. (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Hook.f (other family classification = Asphodelaceae) -- Lilium auratum Lindl. -- Lilium candidum L. -- Lilium davidii Duch. -- Lilium formosanum Wallacew -- Lilium hansonii Leichtlin ex D. D. T. Moore -- Lilium lancifolium Thunb. -- Lilium longiflorum Thunb. -- Lilium maculatum Thunb. -- Lilium regale E. H. Wilsonf -- Lilium speciosum Thunb. -- Lilium tigrinum Ker Gawl. = Lilium lancifolium Thunb. -- Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill.w (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Muscari parviflorum Desf. (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Narcissus × incomparabilis Mill. -- Narcissus jonquilla L. -- Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. -- Narcissus tazetta L. -- Narcissus triandrus L. -- Ornithogalum arabicum L. (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq.w (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Phormium tenax J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (other family classification = Hemerocallidaceae) -- Rhodohypoxis baurii (Baker) Nel -- Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth (other family classification = Ruscaceae) -- Scilla bifolia L. (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Tulipa eichleri Regel = Tulipa undulatifolia Boiss.-- Tulipa fosteriana W. Irving -- Tulipa gesneriana L. -- Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel -- Tulipa persica (Lindl.) Sweet = Tulipa eichleri Regel -- Tulipa praestans Hoog -- Tulipa suaveolens Roth -- Tulipa undulatifolia Boiss.w-- Urginea maritima (L.) Baker (other family classification = Hyacinthaceae) -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acanthochlamys P. C. Kao -- Agapanthus L'Hér., nom. cons. -- Agrostocrinum F. Muell. -- Alania Endl. -- Albuca L. -- Aletris L. -- Allium L. -- Alrawia (Wendelbo) Perss. & Wendelbo -- Alstroemeria L. -- Amaryllis L., nom. cons. -- Amianthium A. Gray, nom. cons. -- Ammocharis Herb. -- Amphisiphon W. F. Barker -- Ancrumia Harv. ex Baker -- Androcymbium Willd. -- Androsiphon Schltr. -- Androstephium Torr. -- Anemarrhena Bunge -- Anthericum L. -- Antherolophus Gagnep. -- Anticlea Kunth -- Aphyllanthes L. -- Apodolirion Baker -- Arnocrinum Endl. & Lehm. -- Arthropodium R. Br. -- Asparagus L. -- Asphodeline Rchb. -- Asphodelus L. -- Aspidistra Ker Gawl. -- Astelia Banks & Sol. ex R. Br., nom. cons. -- Baeometra Salisb. ex Endl. -- Barnardia Lindl. -- Battandiera Maire -- Behria Greene -- Bellevalia Lapeyr., nom. cons. -- Bessera Schult. f., nom. cons. -- Blandfordia Sm., nom. cons. -- Bloomeria Kellogg -- Bokkeveldia D. Müll.-Doblies & U. Müll.-Doblies -- Bomarea Mirb. -- Boophone Herb. -- Borya Labill. -- Bowiea Harv. ex Hook. f., nom. cons. -- Brimeura Salisb. -- Brodiaea Sm., nom. cons. -- Brunsvigia Heist. -- Bulbine Wolf, nom. cons. -- Bulbinella Kunth -- Burchardia R. Br., nom. cons. -- Caesia R. Br. -- Caliphruria Herb. -- Calochortus Pursh -- Caloscordum Herb. -- Calostemma R. Br. -- Camassia Lindl., nom. cons. -- Camptorrhiza Hutch. -- Campylandra Baker -- Campynema Labill. -- Campynemanthe Baill. -- Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl. -- Chamaelirium Willd. -- Chamaescilla F. Muell. ex Benth. -- Chionodoxa Boiss. -- Chionographis Maxim., nom. cons. -- Chlidanthus Herb. -- Chlorogalum Kunth, nom. cons. -- Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. -- Clintonia Raf. -- Clivia Lindl. -- Colchicum L. -- Collospermum Skottsb. -- Comospermum Rauschert -- Conanthera Ruiz & Pav. -- Convallaria L. -- Cooperia Herb. -- Corynotheca F. Muell. ex Benth. -- Crinum L. -- Cryptostephanus Welw. ex Baker -- Curculigo Gaertn. -- Cyanella L. -- Cybistetes Milne-Redh. & Schweick. -- Cyrtanthus Aiton, nom. cons. -- Daiswa Raf. -- Danae Medik. -- Dandya H. E. Moore -- Daubenya Lindl. -- Dewinterella D. Müll.-Doblies & U. Müll.-Doblies -- Diamena Ravenna -- Dianella Lam. ex Juss. -- Dichelostemma Kunth -- Dichopogon Kunth -- Diora Ravenna -- Dipcadi Medik. -- Diphalangium S. Schauer -- Disporopsis Hance -- Disporum Salisb. -- Drimia Jacq. ex Willd. -- Drimiopsis Lindl. & Paxton -- Drymophila R. Br. -- Echeandia Ortega -- Empodium Salisb. -- Eremocrinum M. E. Jones -- Eremurus M. Bieb. -- Erinna Phil. -- Eriospermum Jacq. ex Willd. -- Erythronium L. -- Eucharis Planch. & Linden, nom. cons. -- Eucomis L'Hér., nom. cons. -- Eucrosia Ker Gawl. -- Eustephia Cav. -- Evrardiella Gagnep. -- Excremis Willd. -- Fortunatia J. F. Macbr. -- Fritillaria L. -- Gagea Salisb. -- Galanthus L. -- Galtonia Decne. -- Garaventia Looser -- Gemmaria Salisb. -- Gethyllis L. -- Gethyum Phil. -- Gilliesia Lindl. -- Gloriosa L. -- Gonioscypha Baker -- Griffinia Ker Gawl. -- Habranthus Herb. -- Haemanthus L. -- Hagenbachia Nees & Mart. -- Hannonia Braun-Blanq. & Maire -- Harperocallis McDaniel -- Hastingsia S. Watson -- Helonias L. -- Heloniopsis A. Gray, nom. cons. -- Hemerocallis L. -- Hemiphylacus S. Watson -- Hensmania W. Fitzg. -- Herpolirion Hook. f. -- Herreria Ruiz & Pav. -- Herreriopsis H. Perrier -- Hesperocallis A. Gray -- Hessea Herb., nom. cons. -- Heteropolygonatum M. N. Tamura & Ogisu -- Hexacyrtis Dinter -- Hieronymiella Pax -- Hippeastrum Herb., nom. cons. -- Hodgsoniola F. Muell. -- Hosta Tratt., nom. cons. -- Hyacinthella Schur -- Hyacinthoides Heist. ex Fabr. -- Hyacinthus L. -- Hymenocallis Salisb. -- Hypoxidia F. Friedmann -- Hypoxis L. -- Ipheion Raf. -- Iphigenia Kunth, nom. cons. -- Isidrogalvia Ruiz & Pav. -- Ismene Salisb. ex Herb. -- Ixiolirion Fisch. -- Japonolirion Nakai -- Jodrellia Baijnath -- Johnsonia R. Br., nom. cons. -- Kamiesbergia Snijman -- Kinugasa Tatew. & Sutô -- Kuntheria Conran & Clifford -- Lachenalia J. Jacq. ex Murray -- Lanaria Aiton, nom. cons. -- Lapiedra Lag. -- Laxmannia R. Br., nom. cons. -- Ledebouria Roth -- Leontochir Phil. -- Leptochiton Sealy -- Leucocoryne Lindl. -- Leucocrinum Nutt. ex A. Gray -- Leucojum L. -- Lilium L. -- Liriope Lour. -- Litanthus Harv. -- Littonia Hook. -- Lloydia Salisb. ex Rchb., nom. cons. -- Lycoris Herb. -- Maianthemum F. H. Wigg., nom. cons. -- Massonia Thunb. ex Houtt. -- Medeola L. -- Melanthium L. -- Metanarthecium Maxim. -- Miersia Lindl. -- Milla Cav. -- Milligania Hook. f., nom. cons. -- Molineria Colla -- Muilla S. Watson ex Benth. & Hook. f. -- Murchisonia Brittan -- Muscari Mill. -- Muscarimia Kostel. ex Losinsk. -- Namaquanula D. Müll.-Doblies & U. Müll.-Doblies -- Narcissus L. -- Narthecium Huds., nom. cons. -- Nectaroscordum Lindl. -- Neoastelia J. B. Williams -- Neobakeria Schltr. -- Neodregea C. H. Wright -- Neopatersonia Schönland -- Nerine Herb., nom. cons. -- Nietneria Klotzsch ex Benth. & Hook. f. -- Nomocharis Franch. -- Notholirion Wall. ex Boiss. -- Nothoscordum Kunth, nom. cons. -- Odontostomum Torr. -- Onixotis Raf. -- Ophiopogon Ker Gawl., nom. cons. -- Ornithogalum L., nom. cons. prop. -- Ornithoglossum Salisb. -- Oziroe Raf. -- Pabellonia Quezada & Martic. -- Pamianthe Stapf -- Pancratium L. -- Paradisea Mazzuc., nom. cons. -- Paramongaia Velarde -- Paris L. -- Pasithea D. Don -- Pauridia Harv. -- Peliosanthes Andrews -- Periboea Kunth -- Petronymphe H. E. Moore -- Phaedranassa Herb. -- Phycella Lindl. -- Placea Miers -- Polygonatum Mill. -- Polyxena Kunth -- Proiphys Herb. -- Prosartes D. Don -- Pseudogaltonia (Kuntze) Engl. -- Pseudotrillium S. B. Farmer -- Pucara Ravenna -- Puschkinia Adams -- Pyrolirion Herb. -- Rauhia Traub -- Reineckea Kunth, nom. cons. -- Resnova Van der Merwe -- Rhadamanthus Salisb. -- Rhodocodon Baker -- Rhodohypoxis Nel -- Rhodophiala C. Presl -- Rohdea Roth -- Ruscus L. -- Sandersonia Hook. -- Saniella Hilliard & B. L. Burtt -- Scadoxus Raf. -- Schelhammera R. Br., nom. cons. -- Schickendantziella Speg. -- Schizobasis Baker -- Schizocarphus Van der Merwe -- Schoenocaulon A. Gray -- Schoenolirion Torr. ex Durand, nom. cons. -- Scilla L. -- Scoliopus Torr. -- Semele Kunth -- Simethis Kunth, nom. cons. -- Smilacina Desf., nom. cons. -- Solaria Phil. -- Sowerbaea Sm. -- Speea Loes. -- Speirantha Baker -- Spiloxene Salisb. -- Sprekelia Heist. -- Stawellia F. Muell. -- Stenanthella Rydb. -- Stenanthium (A. Gray) Kunth, nom. cons. -- Stenomesson Herb. -- Sternbergia Waldst. & Kit. -- Streptopus Michx. -- Strumaria Jacq. ex Willd. -- Stypandra R. Br. -- Tecophilaea Bertero ex Colla -- Tedingea D. Müll.-Doblies & U. Müll.-Doblies -- Tenicroa Raf. -- Thelionema R. J. F. Hend. -- Theropogon Maxim. -- Thuranthos C. H. Wright -- Thysanotus R. Br., nom. cons. -- Tofieldia Huds. -- Toxicoscordion Rydb. -- Trachyandra Kunth, nom. cons. -- Traubia Moldenke -- Tricalistra Ridl. -- Trichlora Baker -- Trichopetalum Lindl. -- Tricoryne R. Br. -- Tricyrtis Wall., nom. cons. -- Trillidium Kunth -- Trillium L. -- Tripladenia D. Don -- Tristagma Poepp. -- Triteleia Douglas ex Lindl. -- Triteleiopsis Hoover -- Tulbaghia L., nom. cons. -- Tulipa L. -- Tupistra Ker Gawl. -- Ungernia Bunge -- Urceolina Rchb., nom. cons. -- Urginea Steinh. -- Uvularia L. -- Vagaria Herb. -- Veltheimia Gled. -- Veratrum L. -- Walleria J. Kirk -- Whiteheadia Harv. -- Worsleya (W. Watson ex Traub) Traub -- Wurmbea Thunb. -- Xeronema Brongn. & Gris -- Xerophyllum Michx. -- Ypsilandra Franch. -- Zephyra D. Don -- Zephyranthes Herb., nom. cons. -- Zigadenus Michx. -- Zoellnerallium Crosa
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 1208.
General references
Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Dahlgren, R.M.T., H.T. Clifford and P.F. Yeo. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons, 520 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Flora of Australia (various years and volumes). Australian Government Publication, Canberra, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and J.V. Dennis. 1976. World guide to tropical drift seeds and fruits, 240 pp. The New York Times Book Co., New York, Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Poor fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Dahlgren et al., LeMaout & Decaisne. Seed illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, Dahlgren et al., LeMaout & Decaisne, Gunn & Dennis, Flora of Australia vol. 45. Embryo illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, LeMaout & Decaisne, Martin.
• Seed. 1 of 21. Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns.: seeds. • Seed. 2 of 21. Allium cepa L.: seeds. • Seed. 3 of 21. Asparagus officinalis L.: seeds. • Fruit. 4 of 21. Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & A. Gray: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 5 of 21. Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & A. Gray: seeds. • Fruit. 6 of 21. Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf.: fruit. • Seed. 7 of 21. Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf.: seeds. • Seed. 8 of 21. Colchicum robustum (Bunge) Stef.: seeds. • Fruit. 9 of 21. Crinum pedunculatum R. Br.: fruits. • Seed. 10 of 21. Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.: seeds. • Fruit. 11 of 21. Gloriosa superba L.: fruit. • Seed. 12 of 21. Gloriosa superba L.: seed. • Fruit. 13 of 21. Muscari muscarimi Medik.: fruit. • Seed. 14 of 21. Muscari muscarimi Medik.: seeds. • Fruit. 15 of 21. Paradisea liliastrum (L.) Bertol.: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 16 of 21. Paradisea liliastrum (L.) Bertol.: seeds. • Seed. 17 of 21. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.: seeds. • Embryo. 18 of 21. Asphodelus fistulosus L.: embryo. • Embryo. 19 of 21. Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.: embryo. • Embryo. 20 of 21. Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L.: embryo. • Embryo. 21 of 21. Veratrum album L.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
