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Synonyms: Liriodendraceae F. A. Barkley
Common name: Magnolia Family.
Number of genera 7. Number of species 200.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) 1; 1-pistillate. Fruit pericarpium; multiple; coccetum (Including perhaps from Goldberg: "woody capsule (Pachylarnax) with septicidal or loculicidal dehiscence" & in Spjut: Magnolia grandiflora & 4 families Dilleniaceae, Magnoliaceae, Quiinaceae, Rosaceae), or follicetum, or syncarpium (Spjut has 4 families: Annonaceae, Hermantandraceae, Magnoliaceae, Winteraceae), or samaretum (Liriodendron Spjut Fig. 74A-C & 2 families: Eupteleaceae, Magnoliaceae); without persistent central column; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded to many-seeded; 1-seeded (to many); 2-carpellate (to several to commonly more or less numerous - really (2-)); with carpels not radiating at maturity; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; apex not beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively; and shedding seeds, or but retaining seed(s); without replum. Epicarp brown (all shades), or black; dull (at least); durable; without armature; without wing(s), or with wing(s); 2-winged (per carpel); with wing(s) apical; without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent; thin; composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin, or cartilaginous, or chartaceous (& tough); not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus long (is 2 an answer?); short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); persisting in fruit after seed shed (technically a pseudofunicle composed of lignin-fibrils of raphe), or not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent (not an aril). Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long to 10 to less than 25 mm long; 5–20 mm long; circular to sectoral shape; in transection compressed (at least); not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta present, or absent; fleshy. Testa present, or absent (Lirodendron); adnate to epicarp (correctly: adheres to endocarp); without embryo surrounded and capped by viscid tissue; without markedly different marginal tissue; with fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer, or without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; shiny, or dull; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with merged raised features; surface faintly reticulate, or veined; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; red, or brown (all shades), or yellow (ish); fleshy, or crustaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Endosperm development cellular; copious; fleshy; smooth, or ruminate (somewhat); without starch (assumed); with oils and proteins; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.2–0.3 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric, or basal; foliate, or linear, or conical (Liquidamber); with spatulate cotyledons; straight; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons, or acotyledonous (occasionally hardly differentiated). Cotyledons 2; scarcely differentiated to well developed; 0–0.1 times length of embryo (estimated); somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle (or not applicable); 0–1.5 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle small to moderately developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Liriodendron tulipifera L. -- Magnolia grandiflora L. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Liriodendron tulipifera L.t -- Magnolia denudata Desr. -- Magnolia liliiflora Desr. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Elmerrillia Dandy -- Kmeria (Pierre) Dandy -- Liriodendron L. -- Magnolia L. -- Manglietia Blume -- Michelia L. -- Pachylarnax Dandy
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 49.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Baillon, Schop[meyer, Gaertner, LeMaout & Decaisne. Seed illustration(s): Karen, Schopmeyer, Wood, Jr. Embryo illustration(s): Karen, Corner, LeMaout & Decaisne, Wood, Jr., Schopmeyer. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 006: Liriodendron tulipifera L. (A-C), Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thoms. (D-F), Manglietia (forrestii) fordiana Oliv. var. forrestii (W.W. SM. ex Dandy) B.L. Chen & Noot. (M-O), Michelia champava L. (G-I), Magnolia (Talauma) rabaniana (Hook. f. & Thoms. D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar (J-L).
• Seed. 1 of 7. Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg.: seeds. • Seed. 2 of 7. Magnolia denudata Desr.: seeds. • Embryo. 3 of 7. Liriodendron tulipifera L.: embryo. • Embryo. 4 of 7. Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thomson: embryo. • Embryo. 5 of 7. Magnolia rabaniana (Hook. F. & Thomson) Raju & Nayer: embryo. • Embryo. 6 of 7. Manglietia fordiana Oliv. var. forrestii (W. W. Sm. ex Dandy) B. L. Chen & Noot.: embryo. • Embryo. 7 of 7. Michelia champaca L.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
