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Synonyms: Adenogrammaceae Nakai; Glinaceae Mart.; Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal; Polpodaceae Nakai; Telephiaceae Martinov
Common name: Carpetweed Family.
Number of genera 15. Number of species 90.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; capsule; septifragal capsule, or pyxidium capsule (not Spjut), or loculicidal capsule (not Spjut); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; without persistent central column, or with persistent central column; within accessory organ(s), or not within accessory organ(s); within calyx; 1-seeded to many-seeded (assumed); 1-seeded (to many); 2–5-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; without sterile carpels; apex not beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent regularly; actively, or passively; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present, or absent; a true aril; white; well developed, or vestigal; adnate to hilum; fleshy, or dry; of funicular origin; marginal, or encompassing; fleshy; saccate, or cushionlike, or hilar peg. Seed larger than minute; reniform, or circular; in transection compressed; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with perisperm, or endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; shiny; surface unsmooth, or smooth; surface with depressed features, or discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface finely punctate; surface tuberculate (longitudinally); surface ridged, or rugose; with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; reddish- brown (all shades), or black; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo. Endosperm development nuclear.
Perisperm copious; hard; with starch; semi- transparent; smooth. Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 2 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; peripheral; linear; arcuate, or C-shaped, or annular; 90% annular; parallel to seed length; surrounding perisperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; moderately developed to well developed; 0.4–0.6 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; not foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed to well developed; curved; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Gisekia with an achene is now in the Phytolaccaceae; therefore, achene is not now an answer for the Molluginaceae.
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Mollugo verticillata L. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Adenogramma Rchb. -- Coelanthum E. Mey. ex Fenzl -- Corbichonia Scop. -- Corrigiola L. -- Glinus L. -- Glischrothamnus Pilg. -- Hypertelis E. Mey. ex Fenzl -- Limeum L. -- Macarthuria Hügel ex Endl. -- Mollugo L. -- Pharnaceum L. -- Polpoda C. Presl -- Psammotropha Eckl. & Zeyh. -- Suessenguthiella Friedrich -- Telephium L.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 270. Bogle, A.L. 1970. The genera of Molluginaceae and Aizoaceae in southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 51:431–462.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gray, A. 1848. Genera florae Americae boreali-orientalis illustrata, 2 vols. James Munroe and Co., Boston., Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Cronquist, Baillon, Gray, Bogle (1970). Seed illustration(s): Karen, Cronquist, Engler & Prantl, Baillon, Gray, Bogle (1970). Embryo illustration(s): Karen, Engler & Prantl, Baillon, Gray. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 074: Adenogramma glomerata Druce (A-C), Coelanthum parviflorum Fenzl (D-F), Corbichonia decumbens Scop. (G-I), Glinus radiatus Rohrb. ( J-L), Hypertelis verrucosa Fenzl (M-O), Limeum aethiopicum Burm. f. (P-R), Mollugo verticillata L. (S-U), Corbichonia (Orygia) decumbens Scop. (V-X), Pharnaceum incanum L. (Y-Z&a), Polpoda capensis Presl (b-d).
• Fruit. 1 of 15. Coelanthum grandiflorum E. Mey. ex Fenzl: fruit. • Seed. 2 of 15. Coelanthum grandiflorum E. Mey. ex Fenzl: seeds. • Fruit. 3 of 15. Corbichonia decumbens (Forssk.) Exell: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 4 of 15. Corbichonia decumbens (Forssk.) Exell: seeds. • Embryo. 5 of 15. Adenogramma glomerata (L. f.) Druce: embryo. • Embryo. 6 of 15. Coelanthum grandiflorum E. Mey. ex Fenzl: embryo. • Embryo. 7 of 15. Corbichonia decumbens (Forssk.) Exell: embryo. • Embryo. 8 of 15. Glinus oppositifolius (L.) DC.: embryo. • Embryo. 9 of 15. Glinus radiatus (Ruiz & Pavon) Rohrb.: embryo. • Embryo. 10 of 15. Hypertelis salsoloides (Burch.) Adamson: embryo. • Embryo. 11 of 15. Limeum aethiopicum Burm. f.: embryo. • Embryo. 12 of 15. Mollugo pentaphylla L.: embryo. • Embryo. 13 of 15. Mollugo verticillata L.: embryo. • Embryo. 14 of 15. Pharnaceum incanum L.: embryo. • Embryo. 15 of 15. Polpoda capensis C. Presl.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
