| | Family guide for fruits and seeds |
#1. Synonyms:/
Familial synonyms: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available at https://www.ars-grin.gov/ (September 2008)./
#2. Common name:/
#3. Number of genera/
#4. Number of species/
#5. <Gymnosperm or angiosperm:>/
1. gymnosperm/
2. angiosperm/
1. gymnosperm: with spermatocarpia, seed produced without carpel; by definition, lacking fruit and funiculus.
2. angiosperm: with eucarpia, seed produced within carpel./
#6. <Angiosperm (monocot or dicot)>/
1. Liliopsida <= monocot>/
2. Magnoliopsida <= dicot>/
Monocots (Lawrence 1955):
1. Stems with vascular strands scattered through a large pith;
2. Rootstocks often rhizomatous, bulbous, or cormous;
3. Leaves with parallel venation; and
4. Flowers 3-merous.
Dicots (Lawrence 1955):
1. Stems with a true cylindrical cambium, the pith usually small and no vascular strands scattered through it;
2. Roots usually fibrous; no scaly bulbs produced;
3. Leaves mostly pinnately or palmately veined; and
4. Flowers not commonly 3-merous throughout, although the pistil is not infrequently tricarpellate.
#7. Disseminule <type>/
1. a cone/
2. a dehisced fruit <usually with 2 scars: peduncle and style>/
3. an intact or entire fruit <usually with 2 scars: peduncle and style>/
4. a partial fruit (a segment of an entire fruit)/
5. an incomplete fruit with epicarp absent and mesocarp exposed/
6. an incomplete fruit with epicarp and mesocarp absent and endocarp exposed/
7. a seed/
8. an embryo <testa absent>/
#8. Cone <dry or fleshy>/
1. dry/
2. fleshy/
#9. Cone when dry <type>/
1. compound/
2. a galbulus/
3. simple/
4. a strobilus/
1. compound cone: type of cone structure, or a gymnosperm fruit, consisting of dry seed-bearing scales imbricately compacted together into a cone with each scale subtended by a bract that is distinct or fused to the scale (Spjut 1994). Typical—Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.
2. galbulus: dry cone or fruit of Pinopsida composed of fused scales and bracts, the individual scales usually terminally peltate (Spjut 1994). Typical—Cupressus lusitanica Miller.
3. simple cone: dry, cylindrical fruit with seeds attached to woody-scalelike megasporophylls spirally arranged around a central axis (Spjut 1994). Typical—Zamia integrifolia Ait.
4. strobilus: aggregation of frondlike sporophylls spirally arranged along a longitudinal axis and recognized as a Cycadaceae fruit when the ovules on megasporophylls of a megastrobilus have reached maturity and are dispersed as seeds (Spjut 1994). Typical—Cycas revoluta Thunb.
#10. Cone <outline>/
1. elliptical/
2. globose/
3. oblong/
4. ovoid/
1. elliptic: broadest at the middle and narrower at the two equal ends (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. globose: spherical (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. oblong: 2–4 times longer than broad with nearly parallel sides (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. ovoid: egg-shaped (applied to 3-dimensional objects) (Harris and Harris 1994).
#11. Cone <symmetry>/
1. symmetrical/
2. asymmetrical/
1. symmetrical: a shoot or other plant part divisible by a longitudinal plane into similar halves (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. asymmetrical: a shoot or other plant part not divisible by a longitudinal plane into similar halves (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#12. Cone <with scales or sporophylls>/
1. with scales/
2. with sporophylls/
1. scale: any thin, flat, scarious structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. sprorphyll: a sporangium-bearing leaf, often modified in structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#13. Cone <scales with or without distinct bracts>/
1. scales with separate subtending bracts/
2. scales with fused subtending bracts/
#14. Cone <type of sporophylls>/
1. with scalelike sporophylls/
2. with frondlike sporophylls/
#15. Cone <type when fleshy>/
1. a spermidium when fleshy/
2. an epispermatium when fleshy/
3. anarillocarpium when fleshy/
4. an arcesthida when fleshy/
5. simple when fleshy (for some spp. of Ephredra)/
1. spermidium: fruit of the Ginkoopsida characterized by the seed of Ginkgo with remnants of a cupule at the base, an evolutionary product of a strobilus by modification—a reduced cupule (Spjut 1994). Typical—Ginkgo biloba L.
2. epispermatium: gymnospermous seed of the Podocarpaceae subtended or enclosed by a swollen receptacular appendage (epimatium) (Spjut 1994). Typical—Nageia wallichiana (Presl) Kuntze
3. arillocarpium: fruit of Pinopsida characterized by a seed being covered by a fleshy aril as in species of Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae (Spjut 1994). Typical—Taxus brevifolia Nutt.
4. arcesthida: fleshy cone of the Pinopsida consisting of one to several seeds with their attached scales adnate to the bracts—similar to a drupe (Spjut 1994). Typical—Juniperus virginiana L.
#16. Fruiting scales <present or absent>/
1. present/
2. absent/
#17. Fruiting scales <moisture>/
1. dry/
2. fleshy/
#18. Fruiting scales <when dry, duration>/
1. persisting/
2. disintegrating/
#19. Fruiting scales <when dry, texture>/
1. coriaceous/
2. woody/
1. coriaceous: with a leathery texture (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. woody: consisting mainly of hard lignified tissues, characteristic of or resembling wood (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#20. Fruiting scales <shedding or not with seed(s)>/
1. shedding with seed(s) attached/
2. not shedding <persisting on cone without seed(s)>/
#21. Fruiting scalelike sporophylls <compact or loose>/
1. compacted tightly/
#22. Fruiting bracts <absent or present>/
1. present/
2. absent/
#23. Fruiting bracts <moisture>/
1. dry/
2. fleshy/
#24. Fruiting bracts <winged or not>/
1. winged/
2. not winged/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#25. Pistil(s) <simple or compound>/
1. simple <separate carpels or 1 carpel per flower>/
2. compound <2 or more united carpels per flower>/
#26. Pistil(s) <number per flower, in classes>/
1. 1/
2. 2–5/
3. 6–10/
4. 11–20/
5. more than 21/
#27. Pistil(s) <actual number per flower>/
-pistillate/
#28. Pistil(s) with <when compound, not united or degree of union>/
1. carpels separate to base/
2. carpels nearly separate to base/
3. carpels united/
#29. Fruit <anthocarp or pericarpium>/
1. anthocarp <with collateral parts and usually from inferior ovary>/
2. pericarpium <without collateral parts and usually from superior ovary>/
1. anthocarp: general term for any angiosperm fruit with attached perianth, receptacular, or inflorescence parts that aid in dissemination of the seed (Spjut 1994). The accessory structures to the pericarpia usually enlarge and/or become fleshy after fertilization (e.g., hypanthium of an apple), or disarticulate as in grass fruits.
2. pericarpium: mature ovary without any attached parts (Spjut 1994), and its wall is referred to as the pericarp. Pericarpium has also been defined as the wall of the mature ovary excluding the seed (Lindley 1832; Link 1798, 1824; L.-C. Richard 1808); the term fruit was then used to designate the ovary with seed (Spjut 1994).
#30. Fruit <when pericarpium, gynoecial structure>/
1. simple/
2. schizocarp/
3. multiple/
4. compound/
1. simple: a fruit that develops as a solitary indehiscent pericarpium, composed of one or many united carpels (Spjut 1994).
2. schizocarp: fruit in which the carpels are partially to completely united at the time of pollination but separate at maturity into their carpellary constituents, sometimes further dividing into mericarps [seed-bearing parts of a fruit or fruitlet consisting of 1-half carpel], each part functioning as a seed dispersal unit (Spjut 1994).
3. multiple: fruits derived from an apocarpous gynoecium having more than one carpel (Spjut 1994).
4. compound: fruit having been derived from more than one flower (Spjut 1994).
#31. Fruit <when simple pericarpium, fruit type>/
1. achene/
2. amphisarcum/
3. anthecarium/
4. ascade/
5. berry/
6. bilomentum/
7. camara/
8. capsule <Spjut (1994) did not recognize capsule as a fruit type>/
9. carcerulus/
10. caryopsis/
11. coccum/
12. craspedium/
13. drupe/
14. follicle/
15. glandispermidium/
16. hesperidium/
17. lomentum/
18. nuculanium/
19. pepo/
20. samara/
21. urticle/
1. achene: indehiscent pericarpium, or fruit, with pericarp contiguous to the seed(s) (Spjut 1994). Typical—Najas marina L.
2. amphisarcum: simple, indehiscent fruit characterized by a pericarp differentiated externally into a dry crust and internally into one or more fleshy layers (Spjut 1994). Typical—Crescentia cujete L.
3. anthecarium: derived from a matured Poaceae spiklet that disarticulates above the glumes and between two or more florets (Spjut 1994). Typical—Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud.
4. ascade: fruit developed from a superior ovary with a sclarified, mechanical system in the mesocarp and the exocarp and endocarp relatively unspecialized (Doweld (1996), not carcerulus of Spjut 1994).
5. berry: indehiscent pericarpium, or simple fruit, consisting of one or more seeds embedded in a solid fleshy mass supported by epicarp less than 2 mm thick, the pericarp not differentiated internally by a hardened endocarp or air space (Spjut 1994). Typical—Podophyllum peltatum L.
6. bilomentum: simple, multicarpellate, pericarpial fruit that develops transverse constrictions between each maturing seed, and at maturity disarticulates at the constrictions (Spjut 1994). Typical—Hypecoum procumbens L.
7. camara: indehiscent or tardily dehiscent pericarpium, or fruit, composed of one carpel with a pericarp of a determinate shape (Spjut 1994). Typical—Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & Simpson.
8. capsule: dry or very rarely fleshy, dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel (Harris and Harris 1994). Spjut (1994) did not recognize the term "capsule."
9. carcerulus: simple, multicarpellate, indehiscent fruit consisting of one or more seeds and air space enclosed by an undifferentiated pericarp (Spjut 1994). Typical—Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.
10. caryopsis: one-seeded, dry or fleshy, indehiscent pericarpium of the Poaceae with a thin pericarp closely adhering to the testa (seed coat) and fusing with the testa only in the hilar region, rarely dispersed as fruit (Spjut 1994). Typical—Eragrostis starosselskyi Grossh.
11. coccum: simple dehiscent fruit consisting of one carpel that opens along two sutures and contains one to several basally attached seeds, not belonging to the Fabaceae sensu lato (Spjut 1994). Typical—Myristica fragrans Houtt.
12. craspedium: fruit consisting of a monocarpellate pericarpium incompletely disarticulating into one-seeded segments, the seed-bearing segments separating transversely from each other and separating longitudinally from a marginal replum (Spjut 1994). Typical—Mimosa pudica L.
13. drupe: fleshy pericarpium, or fruit, with one or more stones (Spjut 1994). Typical—Prunus persica L.
14. follicle: monocarpellate percarpium, or fruit, that opens along one suture, usually the seed-bearing (ventral) suture (Spjut 1994). Typical—Grevillea thelmanniana Huegel.
15. glandispermidium: capsular fruit with an evanescent pericarp and accrescent seeds on a receptacle (Spjut 1994). Typical—Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.
16. hesperidium: simple, indehiscent fruit with axile placentae and a pericarp that is internally fleshy and externally with a leathery rind (Spjut 1994). Typical—Citrus aurantium L.
17. lomentum: pericarpium, or fruit, composed of a single carpel that disarticulates into seed-bearing segments (Spjut 1994). Typical—Prosopis argentina Burkart.
18. nuculanium: simple fruit with a dry pericarp differentiated by a hardened endocarp, or of one or more stones, the external layer(s) crustaceous, fibrous, or coriaceous, indehiscent or occasionally dehiscent (Spjut 1994). Typical—Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb.
19. pepo: simple, indehiscent, pulpy fruit having a thick, leathery rind with parietal placentae or an apical placenta (Spjut 1994). Typical—Cucumis sativus L.
20. samara: dry, indehiscent, flattened pericarpium, or fruit, characterized by a pericarp that is compressed to the surface of one or more seeds and forming a wing at the margins longer than the length of the seeded portion (Spjut 1994). Typical—Ulmus americana L.
21. urticle: small bladderlike or vaselike fruit composed of more than one carpel with 1-loculed thin pericarp, sometimes urn-shaped, often inflated and with only 1 seed, dehiscent or indehiscent (Spjut 1994). Typical—Amaranthus viridis L.
#32. Fruit <when schizocarpic pericarpium, fruit type>/
1. achenarium/
2. baccarium/
3. camarium/
4. coccarium/
5. druparium/
6. follicarium/
7. lomentarium/
8. microbasarium/
9. samarium/
1. achenarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium consisting of whole-carpelled indehiscent fruitlets with a thin pericarp contiguous to the seed(s) (Spjut 1994). Typical—Galium aparine L.
2. baccarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium consisting of fleshy-indehiscent fruitlets (monocarps) with a pericarp of a uniform texture and a determinate shape (Spjut 1994). Typical—Saururus cernus L.
3. camarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium, often a deeply lobed ovary, in which the fruitlets are either indehiscent and contain more than 1 seed or irregularly dehiscent and contain 1–many seeds, the seeds mostly free from the pericarp (Spjut 1994). Typical—Malva neglecta Wallr.
4. coccarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium with fruitlets opening along their ventral sutures and sometimes the dorsal sutures as a result of their separation from one another or from a central axis (Spjut 1994). Typical—Manihot esculenta Crantz.
5. druparium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium consisting of indehiscent fruitlets with the pericarp differentiated into outer soft and inner hardened layers (Spjut 1994). Typical—Castela emoryi (Gray) Moran & Felger.
6. follicarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium where carpels are distinctly separate from one another before maturing and dehiscing along their ventral sutures (Spjut 1994). Typical—Sterculia caribaea R. Br.
7. lomentarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium where each fruitlet disarticulates at maturity into seed-bearing segments (Spjut 1994). Typical—Platystemon californicus Benth.
8. microbasarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium of separate or separating carpels having a common style, and at maturity each carpel disarticulates into discrete, seed-containing, half-carpels (mericarps: seed-bearing parts of a fruit or fruitlet consisting of 1-half carpel) (Spjut 1994). Typical—Cynoglossum officinale L.
9. samarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium consisting of indehiscent monocarps that bear wings 2 or more times longer than the seeded portion (Spjut 1994). Typical—Banisteriopsis schizoptera (Adr. Jussieu) B. Gates.
#33. Fruit <when multiple pericarpium, fruit type>/
1. achenetum/
2. baccetum/
3. camaretum/
4. coccetum/
5. drupetum/
6. follicetum/
7. lomentetum/
8. samaretum/
9. syncarpium/
10. pseudofollicle <restricted to Cercidiphyllaceae - not in Spjut [1994]>/
1. achenetum: multiple fruit of indehiscent carpels with the pericarp of each apocarp contiguous to 1 or more seeds (Spjut 1994). Typical—Alisma plantago-aquatica L.
2. baccetum: multiple fruit of fleshy-indehiscent carpels (apocarps) with an undifferentiated pericarp of a determinate shape (Spjut 1994). Typical—Hydrastis canadensis L.
3. camaretum: multiple fruit of dry, indehiscent carpels, each carpel usually containing many seeds free from the pericarp (Spjut 1994). Typical—Xylopia carminativa R. Fries.
4. coccetum: multiple fruit with dehiscent fruitlets opening along the dorsal and ventral sutures (Spjut 1994). Typical—Tetracera boiviniana Baill.
5. drupetum: multiple fruit of indehiscent fleshy carpels (druplets), each carpel with a hardened endocarp (Spjut 1994). Typical—Rubus idaeus L.
6. follicetum: multiple fruit of dehiscent apocarps that open only along 1 suture, dorsally or ventrally (Spjut 1994). Typical—Illicium verum Hook. f.
7. lomentetum: fruit derived from an apocarpous gynoecium with the pericarp of each carpel developing constrictions between the maturing ovules, and at maturity disarticulating at the constrictions (Spjut 1994). Typical—Monanthotaxis schweinfurthii (Engl. & Diels) Verdc.
8. samaretum: multiple fruit of winged indehiscent apocarps, the wing of each apocarp exceeding the length of the seed (Spjut 1994). Typical—Liriodendron tulipifera L.
9. syncarpium: multiple fruit derived from a flower with distinct carpels in the flowering stage that become fused (concrescent) together at maturity (Spjut 1994). Typical—Annona squamosa L.
10. pseudofollicle: monocarpellate pericarpium, or fruit, that opens along one suture, usually the seed-bearing (ventral) suture. Restricted to Cercidiphyllaceae - see Notes.
#34. Fruit <when compound pericarpium, fruit type>/
1. achenosum/
2. bibacca/
3. capsiconum/
4. folliconum/
5. polyanthecetum/
1. achenosum: compound fruit consisting of dry indehiscent fruitlets, each fruitlet with a thin pericarp that is mostly contiguous to the seed (Spjut 1994). Typical—Platanus occidentalis L.
2. bibacca: compound fruit composed of 2 pericarpia that are partially fused by their mature ovaries but otherwise the surrounding parts are distinct and not notably accrescent (Spjut 1994). Typical—Lonicera tatarica L.
3. capsiconum: compound fruit composed of capsular fruitlets (Spjut 1994). Typical—Liquiadambar styraciflua L.
4. folliconum: compound fruit composed of many united follicular fruitlets (Spjut 1994). Typical—Banksia menziesii R. Br.
5. polyanthecetum: compound fruit containing many anthecae—a cluster of spikelets that fall together as a result of disarticulation at a node or base of a primary branch of the inflorescence, each spikelet containing 1 or more pericarpia (Spjut 1994). Typical—Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher.
#35. Fruit <when ascadial or capsular, simple, pericarpium, fruit type>/
1. ceratium capsule/
2. denticidal capsule/
3. fissuricidal capsule/
4. foraminicidal capsule/
5. legume capsule/
6. loculicidal ascade/
7. loculicidal capsule/
8. polospermatium capsule/
9. poricidal capsule/
10. pyxidium capsule/
11. septicidal capsule/
12. septifragal capsule/
13. silique capsule/
14. silicle/
1. ceratium capsule: capsular fruit that opens by a separation or break in the pericarp layers, usually the inner parts—replum, styles, parietal placentae—persistent and often setaceous, skeletal or partitional, or the endocarp dehiscent (Spjut 1994). Typical—Cleome viscosa L.
2. denticidal capsule: capsular fruit dehiscing regularly along sutures but incompletely—not more than one-fifth the length of the capsule (Spjut 1994). Typical—Cyclamen hederifolium Ait.
3. fissuricidal capsule: capsular fruit opening irregularly by 1 or more parallel slits, or regularly along sutures between a closed apex and base (Spjut 1994). Typical—Cypripedium acaule Ait.
4. foraminicidal capsule: capsular fruit opening by irregular diverging cracks or slits (Spjut 1994). Typical—Burmannia australis Malme.
5. legume capsule: dehiscent fruit of the Fabaceae sensu lato, consisting of a carpel opening along 2 sutures with the seeds attached along the ventral suture (Spjut 1994). Typical—Pisum sativum L.
6. loculicidal ascade: capsular fruit, loculicidally dehiscent, developed from a superior ovary with a sclarified, mechanical system in the mesocarp and the exocarp and endocarp relatively unspecialized (Doweld (1996), not carcerulus of Spjut 1994).
7. loculicidal capsule: capsular fruit opening completely along a dorsal suture, the valves consisting of 2 halves of adjoining carpels (Spjut 1994). Typical—Juncus capitatus Weigel.
8. polospermatium capsule: capsular fruit with seeds that persist at the apex of a columella after the valves have fallen (Spjut 1994). Typical—Spondianthus preussii Engl.
9. poricidal capsule: capsular fruit that dehisces by a localized pore on each cell, the pore developing from a circular membrane or suture (Spjut 1994). Typical—Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.
10. pyxidium capsule: capsular fruit dehiscing by a lid, a transverse suture across the cells, or through apical or basal pores on each carpel that enlarge and unite at maturity into a single pore (Spjut 1994). Typical—Amaranthus hybridus L.
11. septicidal capsule: capsular fruit opening completely along the ventral suture, each valve consisting of the whole carpel with the placenta attached (Spjut 1994). Typical—Septotheca tessmannii Ulbr.
12. septifragal capsule: capsular fruit that incompletely opens along the dorsal or ventral sutures by a break in the partitions near the central axis, leaving a persistent columella after the valves have separated, or is incompletely dehiscent by having developed from an ovary with free central placentation (Spjut 1994). Typical—Rhododendron maximum L.
13. silique capsule: capsular fruit with a nonplacental partition bordered by a replum that persists after the valves have separated from the replum (Spjut 1994). Typical—Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt.
14. silicle: capsular fruit of the Brassicaceae with a length less than one-fourth the width, and with a pericarp separating from a replum bearing a nonplacental partition (one that is not an axile wall between carpels of a syncarpous pistil), a form of silique capsul (Spjut 1994).
#36. Fruit capsule <inflated or not>/
1. inflated/
2. not inflated/
#37. Fruit capsule <with or without operculum>/
1. with apical operculum/
2. without operculum/
#38. Fruit capsule <operculum(a) number>/
-operculum(a) per capsule/
#39. Fruit berry <dehiscence or not>/
1. dehiscent/
2. indehiscent/
#40. Fruit berry <with or without placental mass>/
1. with soft and juicy central placental mass easily separating from epicarp/
2. without central placental mass/
#41. Fruit <when anthocarp, gynoecial structure>/
1. simple/
2. schizocarp/
3. multiple/
4. compound/
1. simple: a fruit that develops as a solitary indehiscent anthocarp, composed of one carpel, or of many united carpels (Spjut 1994).
2. schizocarp: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium—one in which the carpels are partially to completely united at the time of pollination but separate at maturity into their carpellary constituents, sometimes further dividing into mericarps [seed-bearing parts of a fruit or fruitlet consisting of 1-half carpel], each part functioning as a seed dispersal unit (Spjut 1994).
3. multiple: category of fruits characterized by being derived from an apocarpous gynoecium having more than 1 carpel (Spjut 1994).
4. compound: category of fruits in which each fruit is characterized by having been derived from more than 1 flower (Spjut 1994).
#42. Fruit <when simple anthocarp, fruit type>/
1. acrosarcum/
2. anthecetum/
3. anthecium/
4. balausta/
5. cypsela/
6. diclesium/
7. glans/
8. pome/
9. pseudanthecium/
10. pseudodrupe/
11. pseudosamara/
12. tryma/
1. acrosarcum: simple indehiscent fruit characterized by an undifferentiated pericarp (lacking a stony endocarp) that is surrounded by an accrescent fleshy exocarp derived from perianth or receptacle (Spjut 1994). Typical—Cryptocarya glaucescens R. Br.
2. anthecetum: anthecium with glumes and/or additional florets that disarticulate below or above the glumes but not between the florets (Spjut 1994). Typical—Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn.
3. anthecium: Poaceae fruit derived from a 1-floreted spikelet consisting of the percarpium, subtending bracts, and part of the rachilla, but disarticulating above the glumes (Spjut 1994). Typical—Agrostis scabra Willd.
4. balausta: indehiscent, anthocarpous fruit composed of a coriaceous exocarp (rind), a spongy endocarp, and sarcotestas (fleshy seed coats) (Spjut 1994). Typical—Punica granatum L.
5. cypsela: simple anthocarpous fruit bearing longitudinally oriented awns, bristles, feathery staminodia, or similar structures derived from other accessory parts that extend beyond the apical part of the anthocarp (Spjut 1994). Typical—Taraxacum officinale Weber.
6. diclesium: simple fruit consisting of a dry or fleshy pericarpium covered in part or entirely by loose (utricular) to tightly adhering (achenelike) dry, accrescent, indehiscent fruit-perianth (Spjut 1994). Typical—Mirabilis jalapa L.
7. glans: indehiscent fruit composed of a anthocarp subtended or enclosed by a fruiting cupulate (aril-like) involucre that is derived from a swelling of bracts, receptacle, or perianth (Spjut 1994). Typical—Quercus alba L.
8. pome: indehiscent simple fruit composed of a fleshy to coriaceous exocarp and a pericarp differentiated by a crustaceous or stony endocarp, the fleshy layer primarily formed by receptacle, hypanthium, or perianth (Spjut 1994). Typical—Malus domestica Borkh.
9. pseudanthecium: fruit characterized by a Cyperaceae, pericarpium enclosed by a loose or inflated sac of modified connate bracts (Spjut 1994). Typical—Carex nebraskensis Dewey.
10. pseudodrupe: anthocarpous fruit with an undifferentiated indurate pericarp surrounded by a fleshy or coriaceous exocarp (Spjut 1994). Typical—Juglans nigra L.
11. pseudosamara: anthocarpous fruit bearing distal wings 2 or more times the length of the seed bearing portion of the anthocarp, the wings formed by accrescent perianth or bracteate parts (Spjut 1994). Typical—Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.
12. tryma: simple anthocarpus fruit with a anthocarp that is dispersed by an active hypanthium (Spjut 1994). Typical—Carya tomentosa Nutt.
#43. Fruit <when schizocarpic anthocarp, fruit type>/
1. diclesarium/
2. glandarium/
3. polachenarium/
4. pomarium/
5. trymarium/
1. diclesarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium consisting of distinct fruitlets covered by an accrescent, indehiscent fruiting perianth (Spjut 1994). Typical—Salazaria mexicana Torr.
2. glandarium: fruit formed by a schizocarpous gynoecium upon an accrescent, fleshy receptacle (Spjut 1994). Typical—Ouratea odora Engl.
3. polachenarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium where the fruitlets at maturity longitudinally separate from one another and remain attached to a carpophore or columella, dehiscent or indehiscent (Spjut 1994). Typical—Anethum graveolens L.
4. pomarium: multiple fruit of carpels sunken in a chambered receptacle or hypanthium, each fruitlet in its own chamber (Spjut 1994). Typical—Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.
5. trymarium: fruit derived from a schizocarpous gynoecium where fruitlets are dispersed by an active fruiting perianth—one that unfolds or dehisces upon maturity to release the monocarps or mericarps [seed-bearing parts of a fruit or fruitlet consisting of 1-half carpel] (Spjut 1994). Typical—Scutellaria galericulata L.
#44. Fruit <when multiple anthocarp, fruit type>/
1. diclesetum/
2. glandetum/
3. pometum/
4. syncarpium/
5. trymetum/
1. diclesetum: multiple fruit of carpels enclosed by an accrescent, indehiscent, fruiting perianth (Spjut 1994). Typical—Coriaria terminalis Hemsl.
2. glandetum: multiple fruit of indehiscent carpels that mature on an accrescent receptacle, the fruitlets embedded in the receptacle, or stipitate (Spjut 1994). Typical—Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne.
3. pometum: multiple fruit of carpels embedded in a hypanthium or receptacle that is not divided into more than one cavity (Spjut 1994). Typical—Rosa canina L.
4. syncarpium: multiple fruit derived from a flower with distinct carpels in the flowering stage that become fused (concrescent) together at maturity (Spjut 1994). Typical—Annona squamosa L.
5. trymetum: multiple fruit characterized by anthocarps that develop within a hypanthium, or united bracts, and upon maturity are dispersed by the unfolding or splitting of the hypanthium or bracts (Spjut 1994). Typical—Dryadodaphne crassa Schodde.
#45. Fruit <when compound anthocarp, fruit type>/
1. achenoconum/
2. anthecosum/
3. catoclesium/
4. follicular anthecetum/
5. glandosum/
6. infructarium/
7. infructum/
8. racharium/
9. sorosus/
10. syconium/
11. trymoconum/
12. trymosum/
1. achenoconum: indehiscent compound fruit with anthocarps subtended by scales spirally or imbricately arranged into a cone (Spjut 1994). Typical—Alnus rubra Bong.
2. anthecosum: compound Poaceae fruit consisting of fused parts of branches, leaves, or glumes that form a burr or involucre around the florets (Spjut 1994). Typical—Cenchrus palmeri Vasey.
3. catoclesium: compound fruit of indehiscent fruitlets enclosed within leaves, bracts, or fused perianth parts (Spjut 1994). Typical—Beta vulgaris L.
4. follicular anthecetum: compound fruit composed of 1-many distinct, dehiscing fruitlets that disperse collectively from bracteate pseudanthia, each fruitlet opening along 1 or more sutures (Spjut 1994). Typical—Centrolepis banksii Roem. & Schult.
5. glandosum: compound fruit of aggregate fruitlets in which the bulk of the fruit is formed by an accrescent peduncle, recepacle, or involucre (Spjut 1994). Typical—Procris laevigata Blume.
6. infructarium: compound Poaceae fruit consisting of an infructescence that breaks apart at maturity into various kinds of fruiting fragments as a result of disarticulation occurring below and above the glumes and/or at the base of a spikelet cluster (Spjut 1994). Typical-Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr.
7. infructum: compound fruit consisting of many anthocarps that are collectively dispersed by disarticulation at the base of an entire infructescence (Spjut 1994). Typical—Aegilops kotschyi Boiss.
8. racharium: compound Poaceae fruit that disperses its anthocarps by the breaking apart of a rachis of spikelets, the spikelets sessile or embedded in the rachis (Spjut 1994). Typical—Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash.
9. sorosus: compound fruit composed of many succulent anthocarps that developed on a peduncle (Spjut 1994). Typical—Morus alba L.
10. syconium: compound fruit composed of fruitlets enclosed in a receptacle or peduncle (Spjut 1994). Typical—Ficus palmeri S. Wats.
11. trymoconum: compound fruit composed of fruitlets imbricately arranged in a conelike structure, and each fruitlet disperses its percarpium by dehiscent bracts (Spjut 1994). Typical—Casuarina obesa Miq.
12. trymosum: compound fruit consisting of anthocarps that develop within united bracts or a receptacle, and at maturity are released by splitting or other movement of the bracts or receptacle (Spjut 1994). Typical—Fagus sylvatica L.
#46. Fruit <with or without central column>/
1. with persistent central column/
2. without persistent central column/
#47. Fruit <central column solid or hollow>/
1. hollow central column shaft/
2. solid central column shaft/
#48. Fruit valves <diverging or not from central column>/
1. diverging from top of central column (resembling umbrella ribs)/
2. not diverging at top of central column/
#49. Fruit crowned by/
1. disk/
2. feathery staminoides/
3. pappus/
4. perianth/
5. petals/
6. plumose calyx/
7. rim (calyptra scar)/
8. sepals/
9. tepals/
10. stigma/
11. style/
12. shirvelled basal part of ovary prolongation/
#50. Fruit <with or without style(s) or stylar remnant(s)>/
1. with styles(s)/
2. with stylar remenant(s)/
3. without style or stylar remnants/
#51. Fruit <style(s) position>/
1. at apex/
2. at margin/
3. at base or nearly basal/
#52. Fruit <within or not within accessory organ(s)>/
1. within accessory organ(s)/
2. not within accessory organ(s)/
#53. Fruit within <when within accessory organ(s), type of organ(s)>/
1. androecium/
2. bracteoles/
3. bracts/
4. calyx/
5. corolla/
6. cupule/
7. glume(s)/
8. gynophore/
9. hypanthium/
10. imbricated scales/
11. involucre/
12. lemma/
13. palea/
14. panicle/
15. pedicel/
16. peduncle/
17. perianth/
18. petals/
19. prophyll (perigyium)/
20. receptacle <torus>/
21. sepals/
22. spathe tube/
23. staminoids/
24. stylopodium/
25. tepals/
1. androecium: all of the stamens in a flower, colllectively (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. bracteole: small bract usually borne on a pedicel (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. bract: reduced leaf or leaflike structure at the base of a flower or inflorescence; in conifers, one of the main structures arising from the cone axis (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. calyx: outer perianth whorl; collective term for all of the sepals of a flower (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. corolla: collective name for all the petals of a flower; the inner perianth whorl (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. cupule: cup-shaped involucre, as in an acorn (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. glume: 1 of the paired bracts at the base of a grass spikelet; a chaffy bract in the grasses or sedges (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. gynophore: elongated stalk bearing the pistil in some flowers (Harris and Harris 1994).
9. hypanthium: cup-shaped extension of the floral axis usually formed by fusion of the basal parts of the calyx, corolla, and androecium, usually surrounding or enclosing the pistil (Harris and Harris 1994).
10. imbricated scale: overlapping thin, flat, scarious structures appearing like tiles or shingles on a roof (Harris and Harris 1994).
11. involucre: whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower cluster (Harris and Harris 1994).
12. lemma: lower of 2 bracts (lemma and palea) subtending a grass floret, often partially surrounding the palea (Harris and Harris 1994).
13. palea: chaffy scale or bract; lower of 2 bracts (lemma and palea) subtending a grass floret, often partially surrounding the palea (Harris and Harris 1994).
14. panicle: branched, racemose inflorescence with flowers maturing from the base upwards (Harris and Harris 1994).
16. pedicel: stalk of a single flower or grass spikelet (Harris and Harris 1994).
17. peduncle: stalk of a solitary flower or inflorescence (Harris and Harris 1994).
18. perianth: collective term for the calyx and corolla of a flower (Harris and Harris 1994).
15. petal: individual segment or member of the corolla, usually colored or white (Harris and Harris 1994).
19. prophyll (perigyium): 1 of the paired bracteoles subtending the flowers of some Juncus species, and also the scalelike bract enclosing the pistil in Carex (Harris and Harris 1994).
20. receptacle (torus): portion of the pedicel on which the flower parts are borne; in the Asteraceae, the part of the peduncle on which the flowers of the head are borne (Harris and Harris 1994).
21. sepal: segment of the calyx (Harris and Harris 1994).
22. spathe tube: large bract or pair of bracts subtending and often enclosing an inflorescence, frequently in the form of a tube (Harris and Harris 1994).
23. staminoid: modified, sterile stamen producing no pollen (Harris and Harris 1994).
24. stylopodium: disklike expansion or enlargement at the base of the style in the Amaranthaceae and Apiaceae (Harris and Harris 1994).
25. tepal: segment of a perianth, which is not differentiated into a sepal or petal (Harris and Harris 1994).
#54. Fruit <when within accessory organ(s), organ(s) accresent or not accresent>/
1. accrescent/
2. not accrescent/
1. accresecent: becoming larger with age, as a calyx which continues to enlarge after anthesis (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. not accrescent: not becoming larger with age, as a calyx which is the same size before and after anthesis.
#55. Fruit <when within accessory organs, organs connate or free>/
1. connate/
2. free/
1. connate: fusion of like parts, as the fusion of staminal filaments into a tube (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. free: like parts not fused.
#56. Fruit <when within accessory organ(s), organ(s) evanescent or persistent>/
1. evanescent/
2. persistent/
1. evanescent: fleeting, remaining only a very short time (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. persisttent: remaining attached after similar parts are normally dropped, after the function has been completed (Harris and Harris 1994).
#57. Fruit <within a hard or soft calyx>/
1. hard calyx/
2. soft calyx/
#58. Fruit tepals (or perianth or sepals) <smooth or not>/
1. smooth/
2. not smooth/
#59. Fruit tepals (or perianth or sepals) <when not smooth, type of structure>/
1. hooks/
2. tubercles/
3. reticulations/
4. papillae/
5. ridges/
6. rough surface/
1. hook: thing formed or bent into a curve or at an angle for catching or holding something (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. tubercle: small tuberlike swelling or projection (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. reticulation: net-veined (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. papilla: rounded nipplelike bump or projection (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. ridge: with an elevated line (Jackson 1928).
6. rough surface: surface scabrous, rough to the touch, due to the structure of the epidermal cells or the presence of short, stiff hairs (Harris and Harris 1994).
#60. Fruit tepals (or perianth or sepals) <winged or not>/
1. forming wings/
2. not forming wings/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#61. Fruit <when compound and composed of fruitlets, structure and texture>/
1. imbricately arranged with conelike structure and within fleshy bracteoles/
2. imbricately arranged with conelike structure and within woody bracteoles/
#62. Fruit with hypanthium <when surrounding separate fruitlets, fruitlet types>/
1. achenes/
2. berries/
3. capsules/
4. drupes/
5. follicles/
6. nuts/
7. pseudodrupes/
1. achene: indehiscent pericarpium, or fruit, with a pericarp contiguous to the seed(s) (Spjut 1994). Typical—Najas marina L.
2. berry: indehiscent pericarpium, or simple fruit, consisting of 1 or more seeds embedded in a solid fleshy mass supported by epicarp less than 2 mm thick, the pericarp not differentiated internally by a hardened endocarp or air space (Spjut 1994). Typical—Podophyllum peltatum L.
3. capsule: dry, dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel (Harris and Harris 1994). Spjut (1994) did not recognize the term "capsule."
4. drupe: fleshy pericarpium, or fruit, with 1 or more stones (Spjut 1994). Typical—Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.
5. follicle: monocarpellate pericarpium, or fruit, that opens along 1 suture, usually the seed-bearing (ventral) suture (Spjut 1994). Typical—Grevillea thelmanniana Huegel.
6. nut: hard, dry, indehiscent fruit, usually with a single seed (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. pseudodrupe: anthocarpous fruit with an undifferentiated indurate pericarp surrounded by a fleshy or coriaceous exocarp (Spjut 1994). Typical—Juglans nigra L.
#63. Fruit with hypanthium <shape>/
1. cupular/
2. narrow-mouthed/
3. wide-mouthed/
#64. Fruit with hypanthium wall <distinct or fused>/
1. distinct from fruit wall/
2. fused to fruit wall/
#65. Fruit with hypanthium composed of <number of layers>/
1. 1 layer/
2. 2 layers/
#66. Fruit with hypanthium <when composed of 2 layers, texture of individual layers>/
1. hard layer over soft layer/
2. soft layer over hard layer/
#67. Fruit with hypanthium <texture>/
1. corky/
2. fleshy/
3. fibrous/
4. meally/
5. dry/
6. woody/
1. corky: resembling cork (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. fleshy: succulent, pulpy (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
3. fibrous: containing, consisting of, or like fibers (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. mealy: soft, dry, and friable (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
5. dry: free or relatively free from water or liquid, not wet or moist (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
6. woody: consisting mainly of hard lignified tissues, characteristic of or resembling wood (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#68. Fruit with hypanthium <when fleshy, primary constituents: oily or proteinaceous>/
1. oily/
2. proteinaceous/
#69. Fruit with receptacle (torus) <fleshy or not>/
1. fleshy/
2. not fleshy/
#70. Fruit <number of seed(s) in classes>/
1. 1-seeded/
2. more than 1 but less than 10-seeded/
3. 10 to less than 25-seeded/
4. 25 to less than 50-seeded/
5. many-seeded <above 50>/
#71. Fruit <actual number of seeds per fruit>/
-seeded/
#72. Fruit <length in classes>/
1. less than 1 cm long/
2. from 1–5 cm long/
3. from 5.1–10 cm long/
4. more than 10 cm long/
#73. Fruit <actual length>/
cm long/
#74. Fruit <carpel number>/
-carpellate/
#75. Fruit with carpels <when more than 1 carpel, carpel union>/
1. united/
2. separate/
#76. Fruit with carpels <when more than 1 carpel, carpels union at maturity>/
1. remaining united at maturity/
2. separating at maturity/
3. separating only at apex at maturity/
#77. Fruit with carpels <when more than 1 carpel, carpels radiating or not>/
1. radiating at maturity/
2. not radiating at maturity/
#78. Fruit with carpels <when more than 1 carpel, carpels connected or not at style>/
1. remaining connected at style/
2. separating at style/
#79. Fruit <when more than 1 carpel, presence of sterile carpels>/
1. with sterile carpels/
2. without sterile carpels/
#80. Fruit <with or without fleshy lateral appendage>/
1. with fleshy lateral appendage/
2. without fleshy lateral appendage/
#81. Fruit <with or without sulcus>/
1. sulcate/
2. not sulcate/
#82. Fruit with <number of sulcuses>/
-sulcate/
#83. Fruit in transection <outline>/
1. angled/
2. cruciform/
3. terete/
4. flat/
5. triangular/
6. compressed/
1. angled: having an angle or angles, used of geometric figure having an angular outline (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. cruciform: cross-shaped with four arms or strong angles (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. terete: circular in cross section, cylindrical, ratio 1:1 (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. flat: ratio 4:1
5. triangular: with 3 straight sides and 3 angles of varying size.
6. compressed: ratio 2:1
#84. Fruit <number of angles in transection>/
-angled/
#85. Fruit apex <with or without beak>/
1. beaked/
2. not beaked/
#86. Fruit apex <relative beak length>/
1. long beaked/
2. moderately beaked/
3. short beaked/
#87. Fruit wall <texture when uniform>/
1. chartaceous/
2. crustaceous/
3. fleshy/
4. firm/
5. hard/
6. leathery <including coriaceous>/
7. membranaceous/
8. woody/
1. chartaceous: with a papery texture, usually not green (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. crustaceous: with a dry and brittle texture (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. firm: with a solid or compact structure or texture (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. fleshy: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. hard: not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
6. leathery: with a tough texture, coriaceous (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. membranaceous: thin, soft, flexible, and more or less translucent, like a membrane (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. woody: consisting mainly of hard lignified tissues, characteristic of or resembling wood (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#88. Fruit <dehiscent or not>/
1. dehiscent/
2. indehiscent/
#89. Dehiscent unit <type of disseminule>/
1. "fruit" <hypanthium opening and shedding a fruit>/
2. mesocarp(s)/
3. endocarp(s)/
4. seed(s)/
#90. Dehiscent <regularly or irregularly>/
1. regularly/
2. irregularly/
#91. Dehiscent <type: active or passive>/
1. actively/
2. passively/
#92. Dehiscent <type of active dehiscence>/
1. elastically/
2. explosively/
#93. Dehiscent with valves <when dehiscence active, type of valve curvature>/
1. coiling/
2. twisting/
3. recurving/
#94. Dehiscent valves <when dehiscence active, valves spirally twisting or not>/
1. spirally twisting/
2. not spirally twisting/
#95. Dehiscent <linearly or non-linearly>/
1. linearly/
2. non-linearly/
#96. Dehiscent by <when linearly dehiscent, location of dehiscence>/
1. dorsal sutures/
2. ventral sutures/
3. back of carpel/
4. circumscissile slit/
#97. Dehiscent by <when non-linearly dehiscent, type of dehiscence>/
1. porate/
2. withering fruit wall/
#98. Dehiscent at <relative location of dehsicence>/
1. apex/
2. middle/
3. base/
#99. Dehiscent <shedding seeds or not after dehiscence>/
1. and shedding seeds/
2. but retaining seed(s)/
#100. Dehiscent <with or without replum>/
1. with replum/
2. without replum/
#101. Dehiscent fruit <with or without thin centered partition>/
1. with thin centered partition attached to replum/
2. without centered partition attached to replum/
#102. Epicarp <color>/
1. black/
2. blue/
3. brown (all shades)/
4. gray/
5. green/
6. orange/
7. pink/
8. purple/
9. red/
10. white/
11. yellow/
#103. Epicarp <shiny or dull>/
1. shiny/
2. dull/
#104. Epicarp <durability>/
1. durable/
2. evanscent/
1. durable: able to exist for a long time with retention of original qualities (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. evanscent: fleeting, remaining only a very short time (Harris and Harris 1994).
#105. Epicarp <texture>/
1. chartaceous/
2. coriaceous/
3. corky/
4. crustaceous/
5. hard/
6. horny/
7. leathery/
8. membranous/
9. rindlike/
10. thick/
11. thin/
12. woody/
1. chartaceous: with a papery texture, usually not green (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. coriaceous: with a leathery texture (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. corky: resembling cork (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. crustaceous: with a dry and brittle texture (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. hard: not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
6. horny: made of a hornlike substance, compact and homogeneous with a dull luster like that of animal's horn. (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
7. leathery: with a tough texture, coriaceous (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. membranaceous: thin, soft, flexible, and more or less translucent, like a membrane (Harris and Harris 1994).
9. rindlike: a thick outer covering, as in the tough outer layer of a pepo (Harris and Harris 1994).
10. thick: having or being of relatively great depth or extent from one surface to its opposite (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
11. thin: having little extent from one surface to its opposite (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
12. woody: consisting mainly of hard lignified tissues, characteristic of or resembling wood (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#106. Epicarp <glabrous or not>/
1. glabrous (without hairs)/
2. not glabrous (with hairs)/
#107. Epicarp hairs <relative length>/
1. short/
2. medium length/
3. long/
#108. Epicarp hairs <density>/
1. dense/
2. scattered/
3. widely scattered/
#109. Epicarp hairs <color>/
1. red/
2. white/
3. yellow/
4. brown/
#110. Epicarp hairs <glandular or not glandular>/
1. glandular/
2. not glandular/
#111. Epicarp <with or without armature>/
1. with armature/
2. without armature/
#112. Epicarp with <armature type>/
1. barbs/
2. bristles/
3. hooks/
4. horns/
5. lignified trichomes/
6. prickles/
7. spines/
8. thorns/
9. warts/
1. barbs: hooked hairs, frequently doubly hooked (Jackson 1928).
2. bristles: short, stiff hairs or hairlike structures (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. hooks: things formed or bent into a curve or at an angle for catching or holding something (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. horns: tapering projections resembling the horn of a cow (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. lignified trichomes: hairs with lignified deposits.
6. prickles: small, sharp outgrowths of the epidermis (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. spines: stiff, slender, sharp-pointed structures arising from below the epidermis (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. thorns: woody, stiff, slender, sharp-pointed structures.
9. warts: excrescence or hardened protuberance on a plant (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#113. Epicarp <armature glochidiate (bundled) or not>/
1. with armature glochidiate/
2. without armature glochidiate/
glochidate: barbed at the tip (Harris and Harris 1994).
#114. Epicarp <surface without armature and smooth or not smooth>/
1. smooth/
2. not smooth/
#115. Epicarp <structure(s) on non smooth surfaces>/
1. corky-warted/
2. echinate/
3. fibrous/
4. fleshy spines/
5. furrowed/
6. glandular/
7. lenticulate/
8. muricate/
9. papillose/
10. pitted/
11. punctate/
12. resinous/
13. reticulate/
14. ribbed/
15. ridged/
16. roughened/
17. rugose/
18. scaly/
19. striate/
20. tuberculate/
21. verrucose/
22. warted/
23. waxy warted/
24. with oil ducts/
25. wrinkled/
1. corky-warted: excrescence or hardened protuberance on a plant resembling cork (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. echinate: with prickles or spines (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. fibrous: containing or resembling fibers (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. fleshy spines: stiff, slender, sharp-pointed structures with a pulpy texture (succulent) arising from below the epidermis (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. furrowed: with channels or grooves (Lawrence 1955).
6. glandular: bearing glands, an appendage, protuberance, or other structure that secretes sticky or oily substances (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. lenticulate: bearing slightly raised, somewhat corky, often lens-shaped areas on the surface (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. muricate: rough with small, sharp projections or points (Harris and Harris 1994).
9. papillose: having minute papillae, short, rounded nipplelike bumps or projections (Harris and Harris 1994).
10. pitted: bearing small depressions (Harris and Harris 1994).
11. punctate: dotted with pits, translucent, sunken glands, or colored dots (Harris and Harris 1994).
12. resinous: bearing any of various hard brittle solid to soft semisolid amorphous fusible flammable substances (as amber, copals, dammars, mastic, guaiacum) that are usually transparent or translucent and yellowish to brown in color with a characteristic luster, that contain usually resin acids and their esters (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
13. reticulate: net-veined (Harris and Harris 1994).
14. ribbed: with prominent ribs or veins (Harris and Harris 1994).
15. ridged: with an elevated line (Jackson 1928).
16. roughened: scabrous, rough to the touch, due to the structure of the epidermal cells or the presence of short, stiff hairs (Harris and Harris 1994).
17. rugose: wrinkled (Harris and Harris 1994).
18. scaly: with thin, flat scarious structures (Harris and Harris 1994).
19. striate: marked with fine, usually parallel lines or grooves (Harris and Harris 1994).
20. tuberculate: beset with knobby projections or excrescences (Jackson 1928).
21. verrucose: warty, covered with wartlike elevations (Harris and Harris 1994).
22. warted: covered with excrescence or hardened protuberances, larger than verrucose (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
23. waxy warted: excrescence or hardened protuberance on a plant bearing wax (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
24. with oil ducts: with small pores on the surface from which oil is excerted.
25. wrinkled: bearing small ridges, prominences, or furrows especially when formed on a surface by the shrinking or contraction of a smooth substance (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#116. Epicarp <falling with or without wing(s) regardless of their source>/
1. with wing(s)/
2. without wing(s)/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#117. Epicarp <number of wings>/
-winged/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#118. Epicarp with wing(s) <location>/
1. apical/
2. basal/
3. lateral/
4. encompassing/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#119. Epicarp <with or without respiratory hole>/
1. with apical respiratory hole/
2. without apical respiratory hole/
#120. Mesocarp <present or absent, at 1 magnification>/
1. present/
2. absent/
mesocarp: middle layer of the fruit wall or pericarp (Harris and Harris 1994). If the fruit wall has only a single layer, it is treated as the epicarp or out layer of the fruit wall.
#121. Mesocarp <texture>/
1. corky/
2. crustaceous/
3. dry/
4. fibrous/
5. fleshy <including spongy and pulpy>/
6. granular/
7. hard <including woody and bony>/
8. leathery/
9. thick/
10. thin/
11. viscous/
12. watery/
1. corky: resembling cork (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. crustaceous: with a dry and brittle texture (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. dry: free or relatively free from water or liquid (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. fibrous: containing or resembling fibers (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. fleshy (including spongy & pulpy): with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. granular: with small granules of grains (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. hard (including woody & bony): not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
8. leathery: with a tough texture, coriaceous (Harris and Harris 1994).
9. thick: having or being of relatively great depth or extent from one surface to its opposite (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
10. thin: having little extent from one surface to its opposite (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
11. viscous: having a ropy or glutinous consistency and the quality of sticking or adhering (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
12. watery: exuding or infiltrated with a watery liquid (the watery vesciles of ivy poisoning) (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#122. Mesocarp composed of <number of tissue layers>/
1. 1 unified layer/
2. 2 distinct layers/
#123. Mesocarp with <when 2-layered, layer textures>/
1. bony layer over fleshy layer/
2. thick and firm over thin and fleshy/
#124. Mesocarp <with or without lacitiform cavities>/
1. with lactiform cavity system/
2. without lactiform cavity system/
lacitiform cavities: interconnected or partially interconnected ducts and/or vessels in the mesocarp colored latex.
#125. Mesocarp and endocarp <degree of separation from each other>/
1. sharply differentiated/
2. not sharply differentiated/
#126. Endocarp <present or absent, at 1 magnification>/
1. present/
2. absent/
endocarp: inner layer of the fruit wall or pericarp (Harris and Harris 1994). If the fruit wall has only a single layer, it is treated as the epicarp or out layer of the fruit wall.
#127. Endocarp <separating or not from exocarp>/
1. separating spontaneously from exocarp/
2. not separating from exocarp/
#128. Endocarp <texture>/
1. bony/
2. cartilaginous/
3. chartaceous/
4. coriaceous/
5. corky/
6. crustaceous/
7. fibrous/
8. firm/
9. fleshy/
10. hard <general term when thick but thickness not defined>/
11. leathery/
12. pliable/
13. pulpy/
14. spongy/
15. thick/
16. thin/
17. woody/
1. bony: of a close, hard texture, as the stones of plums (Jackson 1928).
2. cartilaginous: tought and firm but elastic and flexible like cartilage (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. chartaceous: with a papery texture, usually not green (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. coriaceous: with a leathery texture (Harris and Harris 1994)
5. corky: resembling cork (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
6. crustaceous: with a dry and brittle texture (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. fibrous: containing or resembling fibers (Harris and Harris 1994)
8. firm: with a solid or compact structure or texture (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
9. fleshy: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
10. hard (general term when thick but thickness not defined): not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
11. leathery: with a tough texture, coriaceous (Harris and Harris 1994).
12. pliable: bending or creasing easily (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
13. pulpy: resembling or consisting of pulp (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
14. spongy: having the texture of a spong, cellular and containing air, as in many seed coats (Jackson 1928).
15. thick: having or being of relatively great depth or extent from one surface to its opposite (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
16. thin: having little extent from one surface to its opposite (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
17. woody: consisting mainly of hard lignified tissues, characteristic of or resembling woodconsisting mainly of hard (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#129. Endocarp <splitting or not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes (or mericarps)>/
1. splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes/
2. not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes/
pyrene: stone or pit of a drupe or drupelet (Harris and Harris 1994).
#130. Endocarp stone <unilocular or plurilocular>/
1. unilocular/
2. plurilocular/
#131. Endocarp stone <number of locules>/
-loculate/
#132. Endocarp <surface>/
1. smooth/
2. not smooth/
#133. Endocarp with <structure(s) on non smooth surfaces>/
1. fibers/
2. frimbriate-laciniate/
3. furrow(s)/
4. granules/
5. knobs/
6. lateral hooks/
7. lateral horns/
8. muricate/
9. papillae/
10. pits/
11. prickles/
12. reticulate/
13. ribs/
14. ridges/
15. rugose/
16. sculptures/
17. spinulose/
18. terminal hooks/
19. terminal horns/
20. tubercules/
21. warts/
22. white arilloid mesocarp tissue/
23. wrinkles/
1. fibers: a thread or a structure or object resembling a thread (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. frimbriate-laciniate: with narrow, irregular hairs or bristles along the margin (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. furrow(s): channel(s) or groove(s) (Lawrence 1955).
4. granules: small grains (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. knobs: relatively small usually rounded masses typically projecting from the surface or extremity of something (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
6. lateral hooks: things on the side formed or bent into a curve or at an angle for catching or holding something (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
7. lateral horns: tapering projections on the side resembling the horn of a cow (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. muricate: rough with small, sharp projections or points (Harris and Harris 1994).
9. papillae: short, rounded nipplelike bumps or projections (Harris and Harris 1994).
10. pits: small depressions (Harris and Harris 1994).
11. prickles: small, sharp outgrowths of the epidermis (Harris and Harris 1994).
12. reticulate: net-veined (Harris and Harris 1994).
13. ribs: veins in a structure protruding from the surface (Harris and Harris 1994)
14. ridges: elevated lines (Jackson 1928).
15. rugose: wrinkled (Harris and Harris 1994).
16. sculptures: impressed or raised markings or the pattern of such markings on the surface of a plant part (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
17. spinulose: bearing small spines, stiff, slender, sharp-pointed structures arising from below the epidermis (Harris and Harris 1994).
18. terminal hooks: things at the apex formed or bent into a curve or at an angle for catching or holding something (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
19. terminal horns: tapering projections at the apex resembling the horn of a cow (Harris and Harris 1994).
20. tubercules: beset with knobby projections or excrescences (Jackson 1928).
21. warts: excrescence or hardened protuberance on a plant (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
22. white arilloid mesocarp tissue: a fleshy, white, thickening of the mesocarp.
23. wrinkles: small ridges, prominences, or furrows especially when formed on a surface by the shrinking or contraction of a smooth substance (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#134. Endocarp <with or without wing>/
1. with wing/
2. without wing/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#135. Endocarp <with or without operculum>/
1. with operculum/
2. without operculum/
operculum: small lid, such as the deciduous cap of a circumscissle capsule (Harris and Harris 1994).
#136. Endocarp <number of operculum>/
-operculate/
#137. Endocarp <with or without resinous secretory cavities>/
1. with numerous resinous secretory cavities/
2. without secretory cavities/
#138. Endocarp <with or without mechanism for seedling escape>/
1. with mechanism for seedling escape/
2. without mechanism for seedling escape/
#139. Endocarp <with or without grooves>/
1. with grooves/
2. without grooves/
groove: long narrow depression occurring naturally on the surface of an organ (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#140. Endocarp <number of grooves>/
-grooved/
#141. Endocarp <with or without longitudinal ridges>/
1. with longitudinal ridges/
2. without longitudinal ridges/
ridge: long narrow elevation occurring naturally on the surface of an organ.
#142. Endocarp <with or without fracturing longitudinal ridges>/
1. with fracturing longitudinal ridges so seedling can emerge/
2. without fracturing longitudinal ridges/
#143. Endocarp with <location of pores>/
1. apical pore(s)/
2. medial pore(s)/
3. basal pore(s)/
#144. Endocarp <number of pores>/
-porate/
#145. Funiculus <long or short>/
1. long <much exceeding margins of fruit - seed dangling>/
2. short <within fruit margins>/
#146. Funiculus short <functioning as seed bearing hooks (retinacula) or not>/
1. with seed bearing hooks (retinacula)/
2. without seed bearing hooks (retinacula)/
The funiculus is curved like a hook retaining the seed until mature, as in the Acanthaceae (Jackson 1928).
#147. Funiculus <persisting in fruit after seed shed or not>/
1. persisting in fruit after seed shed/
2. not persisting in fruit after seed shed/
#148. Aril <present or absent>/
1. present/
2. absent/
aril: structure growing at or near the hilum of a seed; fleshy thickening of the seed coat, as in Taxus (Harris and Harris 1994).
#149. Aril <true or arillike>/
1. a true aril/
2. an arillike structure/
#150. Aril <color>/
1. black/
2. blue/
3. brown <all shades>/
4. cream/
5. gray/
6. green/
7. orange/
8. purple/
9. red/
10. white/
11. yellow/
12. pink/
#151. Aril <degreee of development>/
1. well developed/
2. vestigal/
#152. Aril adnate to <hilum or testa>/
1. hilum/
2. testa/
#153. Aril <moisture content: dry or fleshy>/
1. dry/
2. fleshy/
#154. Aril of <origin>/
1. funicular origin/
2. micropylar origin/
3. outer integument origin/
#155. Aril <position>/
1. apical/
2. marginal/
3. basal/
4. encompassing/
#156. Aril <when basal, aids in seed explusion or not>/
1. aids in seed explusion from fruit/
2. does not aid in seed explusion from fruit/
#157. Aril <texture>/
1. fibrous/
2. fleshy/
3. fragile/
4. hard/
5. leathery/
6. membranous/
7. mucilaginous/
8. papery/
9. spongy/
10. waxy/
1. fibrous: containing or resembling fibers (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. fleshy: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. fragile: easily broken or destroyed (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. hard: not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
5. leathery: with a tough texture, coriaceous (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. membranous: thin, soft, flexible, and more or less translucent, like a membrane (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. mucilaginous: slimy and moist, mucilagelike (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. papery: having the texture of paper (Jackson 1928).
9. spongy: having the texture of a spong, cellular and containing air, as in many seed coats (Jackson 1928).
10. waxy: resembling beeswax in consistence or appearance (Jackson 1928).
#158. Aril <outline>/
1. bilabiate/
2. crenate/
3. crested/
4. cupshaped/
5. cushionlike/
6. entire/
7. fimbriate-laciniate/
8. hilar peg/
9. plicate/
10. saccate/
11. winged-blatter/
1. bilabiate: two-lipped (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. crenate: with rounded teeth along the margin (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. crested: with an elevated ridge or rib on the surface (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. cupshaped: shaped like an open bowl-shaped drinking vessel
5. cushionlike: resembling a pad
6. entire: not toothed, notched, or divided (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. fimbriate-laciniate: with narrow, irregular hairs or bristles along the margin (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. hilar peg:
9. plicate: plaited or folded, as a folding fan (Harris and Harris 1994).
10. saccate: with a sac, in the shape of a sac, or bagshaped (Harris and Harris 1994).
11. winged-blatter: a thin-walled, inflated structure with a thin, flat margin (Harris and Harris 1994).
#159. Aril with <when frimbriate, with straight or plicate fringe>/
1. straight hairlike fringe/
2. plicate hairlike fringe/
#160. Aril <lobed or not>/
1. lobed/
2. unlobed/
#161. Arillike structure falling with seed/
1. an arillode <false aril or pseudoaril>/
2. a carpellary aril/
3. a caruncle/
4. a chalaza/
5. an elaisome/
6. an epimatium/
7. a sarcotesta/
8. a strophiole/
9. a subarillate raphe <see after hilum>/
1. arillode: a false aril or pseudoaril (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. chalaza: part of an ovule or seed where the integuments are connected to the nucellus, at the opposite end from the micropyle (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. carpellary aril: aril-like structure developed from the carpel wall.
4. caruncle: protuberance or appendage near the hilum of a seed (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. elaisome: characteristic oily appendage and seed of myrmecochorous plants, such as arils, crests, etc., offering food bodies to ants (Jackson 1928).
6. epimatium: the ovuliferous scale of Coniferae (Jackson 1928).
7. sarcotesta: fleshy outer seed coat (Jackson 1928).
8. strophiole: appendage to the hilum of some seeds (Jackson 1928).
9. subarillate raphe (see after hilum):
#162. Arillike structure <when a chalaza, winglike or not>/
1. dilated into membranous wing/
2. not dilated into membranous wing/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#163. Arillike structure <when a caruncle, structure of the caruncle>/
1. micopylar caruncle/
2. carunculoid/
#164. Arillike structure <when an eliasome, structure of the elisome>/
1. cucullus/
#165. Arillike structure with a pseudoaril formed by/
1. funiculus/
#166. Arillike structure not dehiscing with seed from fruit/
1. loose hairs/
#167. Seed embedded in <type of endocarp tissue in which the seeds are shed>/
1. hairy endocarp tissue/
2. pulpy endocarp tissue/
3. viscid endocarp tissue/
#168. Seed <minute or larger>/
1. minute/
2. larger than minute/
#169. Seed <length in classes>/
1. less than 1 mm long/
2. 1 to less than 5 mm long/
3. 5 to less than 10 mm long/
4. 10 to less than 25 mm long/
5. 25 to less than 50 mm long/
6. 50+ mm long/
#170. Seed <actual length>/
mm long/
#171. Seed <shape in outline>/
1. angular/
2. C-shaped/
3. cerebriform/
4. circular/
5. cochleate/
6. cordiform/
7. cuneate/
8. curved/
9. D-shaped/
10. elliptic/
11. falcate/
12. fusiform/
13. hippocrepiform/
14. irregular/
15. J-shaped/
16. lanceolate/
17. linear/
18. mitaform/
19. oblong/
20. obovate/
21. oval/
22. ovate/
23. pyriform/
24. reniform/
25. sectoral shape/
26. sigmoid/
27. square/
28. straight/
29. triangular/
30. U-shaped/
1. angular: an organ shows a determinate number of angles, as the quadrangular stems of Labiatae (Jackson 1928).
2. C-shaped: curved into the shape of the letter 'C'.
3. cerebriform: an irregular brain-like appearance, as the kernal of a walnut (Jackson 1928).
4. circular: the exact or approximate form or outline of a circle (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
5. cochleate: shaped like the coiled shell of a snail (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. cordiform: heart shaped with a notch at the base (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. cuneate: wedge shaped, triangual and tapering to a point at the base (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. curved: with 1 or more bends so that it is not straight.
9. D-shaped: Straight 1 side and convex shaped on the other side.
10. elliptic: the broadest point midway between the ends, sides curved equally from the middle, 1.35–2.5 times as long as wide (Stearn 1966 and SACDT 1962).
11. falcate: sickle shaped (Harris and Harris 1994).
12. fusiform: spindle shaped, broadest near the middle and tapering towards both ends (Harris and Harris 1994).
13. hippocrepiform: horseshoe shaped (Harris and Harris 1994).
14. irregular: wanting in regularity of form (Jackson 1928).
15. J-shaped: curved into the shape of the letter 'J'.
16. lanceolate: lanced shaped, much longer than wide with the widest point below the middle, 1.35–2.5 times as long as wide (Harris and Harris 1994 and SACDT 1962).
17. linear: sides more or less parallel, 9–15 times as long as wide (Harris and Harris 1994 and SACDT 1962).
18. mitaform: shaped like a child's mitten.
19. oblong: with the sides parallel or nearly so, 1.35–2.5 times as long as wide (Lawrence 1955 and SACDT 1962).
20. obovate: the broadest half above the middle and the narrow end towards the base, 2.5–9 times as long as wide (Lawrence 1955 and SACDT 1962).
21. oval: broadly ovate, with the broadest half below the middle and the narrow end towards the apex, 1–1.35 times as long as wide (SACDT 1962).
22. ovate: with the broadest half below the middle and the narrow end towards the apex, 1.35–2.5 times as long as wide (SACDT 1962).
23. pyriform: pear shaped (Harris and Harris 1994).
24. reniform: kidney shaped (Harris and Harris 1994).
25. sectoral shape: geometric figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
26. sigmoid: S-shaped, doubly curved like the letter 'S' (Harris and Harris 1994).
27. square: geometric figure bounded by 4 straight sides of equal length and 4 90º-angles.
28. straight: without bends.
29. triangular: geometric figure bounded by 3 straight sides and 3 angles of varying size.
30. U-shaped: curved into the shape of the letter 'U'.
#172. Seed in transection <in outline>/
1. compressed/
2. flattened/
3. lenticular/
4. squared/
5. terete/
6. triangular/
7. turtle-shaped/
1. compressed: ratio 2:1
2. flattened: ratio 4:1
3. lenticular: lentil shaped (lens shaped), biconvex (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. squared: with 4 straight sides of approximately equal length and 4 90º angles, ratio 1:1.
5. terete: circular in cross section, cylindrical, ratio 1:1 (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. triangular: with 3 straight sides and 3 angles of varying size.
7. turtle-shaped: flat on one side and convex on the other.
#173. Seed <like Galium>/
1. bowl shaped/
2. not bowl shaped/
A bowl-shaped or concave part, as the hollow of a spoon, oar, tobacco pipe, flagon, candlestick.
#174. Seed <nutlike or not>/
1. nutlike/
2. not nutlike/
Nutlike: similar to a nut, i.e. a hard, dry, indehsicent fruit, usually with a single seed.
#175. Seed <with or without winglike beak>/
1. with winglike beak/
2. without winglike beak/
Winglike beak: the apexk of the seed extended into a thin, flat margin bordering structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#176. Seed <with or without caudate appendage>/
1. with caudate appendage(s)/
2. without caudate appendage(s)/
With or withour caudate appendages, i.e. narrow, taillike appendages (Harris and Harris 1994).
#177. Seed at maturity <presence or absence of food reserve>/
1. with food reserves/
2. without food reserves/
3. without apparent food reserves/
#178. Seed with <type of food reserve>/
1. endosperm/
2. perisperm/
3. chalazosperm/
1. endosperm: nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo of a seed derived from the fusion of a sperm cell with the polar nuclei of the embryo sac (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. perisperm: food storage tissue in some seeds arising from the nucellus, the portion of the ovule just beneath the integuments and surrounding the female gametophyte (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. chalazosperm: after disappearance of the nucellus and endosperm, the cells of the chalazal part of the ovule, lying just above the vascular bundle, divide actively and form a very prominent tissue, which, although loose and possessed of many air spaces, soon becomes filled with fat and starch and serves as a substitute for the endosperm Maheshwari 1950).
#179. Seed <with or without canavanine>/
1. with canavanine (non-protein amino acid)/
2. without canavanine/
1. canavanine: a non-protein amino acid NH2C(:NH)NHOCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH occurring in the jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#180. Sarcotesta <present or absent>/
1. present <Corner: "A convenient descriptive term for the pulpy and edible testa, or outer part of it, which simulates the aril.">/
2. absent/
#181. Sarcotesta <texture>/
1. corky/
2. fleshy/
3. hard/
4. leathery/
5. woody/
1. corky: resembling cork (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. fleshy: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. hard: not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. leathery: with a tough texture, coriaceous (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. woody: consisting mainly of hard lignified tissues, characteristic of or resembling wood (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#182. Testa <present or absent>/
1. present/
2. absent/
Mucuna pruriens var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck: left-hand seed with testa; Rafflesia manillana Teschem.: right-hand seed without testa.
#183. Testa <when absent, why it is absent>/
1. not differentiated/
2. vestigial/
3. crushed/
4. adnate to endocarp/
5. adhering to endocarp/
6. adnate to epicarp/
7. adhering to epicarp/
8. deciduous/
#184. Testa <when absent, with or without viscid tissue>/
1. with embryo surrounded and capped at one end with viscid tissue/
2. without embryo surrounded and capped by viscid tissue/
#185. Testa <with or without distinct marginal tissue>/
1. with markedly different marginal tissue/
2. without markedly different marginal tissue/
#186. Testa marginal tissue <type>/
1. corklike/
2. winglike/
3. testalike/
#187. Testa <with or without a pellicle layer, a thin, membranous covering>/
1. with gelatinous pellicle layer/
2. with viscid pellicle layer/
3. without pellicle layer/
#188. Testa <with or without fleshy layer over hard layer>/
1. with fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer/
2. without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer/
#189. Testa <loose or tight around embryo and cotyledons>/
1. loose/
2. tight/
#190. Testa <degree of shine>/
1. dull/
2. shiny/
#191. Testa surface <smooth or unsmooth>/
1. smooth/
2. unsmooth/
#192. Testa with <unsmooth special features>/
1. chalazal knot/
2. pleurogram/
3. pseudopleuogram/
1. chalazal knot:
2. pleurogram: a line or lines on the seed face caused by a break in the exotestal palisades or significant differences in the palisade cells themselves (Gunn 1991).
3. pseudopleuogram: a line or lines on the seed face that appear to be a pleurogram, but are not caused by a break in the exotestal palisades or significant differences in the palisade cells themselves (Gunn 1991).
#193. Testa surface with <when unsmooth, feature types classified>/
1. depressed features/
2. discreet raised features/
3. merged raised features/
#194. Testa surface <when not smooth, type of recessed topographic features>/
1. alveolate/
2. crateriform/
3. grooved/
4. pitted/
5. punctate <and foveolate>/
6. scobiculate/
7. sulcate/
1. alveolate: honey combed with pits separated by thin, ridged partitions (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. crateriform: bowl shaped (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. grooved: a long narrow depression occurring naturally on the surface of an organism or an anatomical part (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. pitted: bearing small depressions (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. punctate (& foveolate): dotted with pits, translucent, sunken glands, or colored dots, sometimes very small (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. scobiculate: with irregular, elongate, shallow depressions.
7. sulcate: with a goove or furrow (Harris and Harris 1994).
#195. Testa surface <when not smooth, type of discreet raised features>/
1. blistered/
2. echinate/
3. glandular/
4. granular <& shagreen>/
5. miniature T-shaped hooks/
6. muricate/
7. papillate/
8. spiny/
9. tuberculate/
10. verrucose/
11. warted/
1. blistered: with any of various structures that bulge out from the main mass of which they are part (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. echinate: with prickles or spines (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. glandular: bearing glands, an appendage, protuberance, or other structure that secretes sticky or oily substances (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. granular (& shagreen): with small granules of grains (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. miniature T-shaped hooks:
6. muricate : rough with small, sharp projections or points (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. papillate: with papillae, short, rounded nipplelike bumps or projections (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. spiny: bearing spines, stiff, slender, sharp-pointed structures arising from below the epidermis (Harris and Harris 1994).
9. tuberculate: beset with knobby projections or excrescences (Jackson 1928).
10. verrucose: warty, covered with wartlike elevations (Harris and Harris 1994).
11. warted: covered with excrescence or hardened protuberances, larger than verrucose (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#196. Testa surface <when not smooth, type of merged raised topographic features>/
1. colliculate/
2. corrugate/
3. glandular blisters/
4. reticulate/
5. ribbed/
6. ridged/
7. roughened/
8. rugose/
9. ruminate/
10. sculptured/
11. striate/
12. tessellate/
13. twisted pattern/
14. undulate/
15. veined/
16. wrinkled/
1. colliculate: covered with small round elevations or hillocks (Jackson 1928).
2. corrugate: wrinkled or folded into alternating furrows and ridges (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. glandular blisters: with any of various glandular structures that bulge out from the main mass of which they are part (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. reticulate: net-veined (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. ribbed: with prominent ribs or veins (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. ridged: with and elevated line (Jackson 1928).
7. roughened: scabrous, rough to the touch, due to the structure of the epidermal cells or the presence of short, stiff hairs (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. rugose: wrinkled (Harris and Harris 1994).
9. ruminate: roughly wrinkled (Harris and Harris 1994).
10. sculptured: impressed or raised markings or the pattern of such markings on the surface of a plant part (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
11. striate: marked with fine, usually parallel lines or grooves (Harris and Harris 1994).
12. tessellate: with a checkered pattern (Harris and Harris 1994).
16. twisted pattern:
13. undulate: wavy, but not so deeply or as pronounced as sinuate (Harris and Harris 1994).
14. veined: with cocspicuous vascular bundles visible externally (Harris and Harris 1994)
15. wrinkled: bearing small ridges, prominences, or furrows especially when formed on a surface by the shrinking or contraction of a smooth substance (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#197. Testa <with or without fold between cotyledons and hypocotyl-radicle>/
1. with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle/
2. without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle/
#198. Testa <with or without marginal notch demarking where cotyledon and radicle tips approach each other>/
1. with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other/
2. without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other/
#199. Testa <with or without glands>/
1. with glands/
2. without glands/
#200. Testa <with or without bristles>/
1. with bristles/
2. without bristles/
#201. Testa <glabrous or pubescent>/
1. glabrous/
2. pubescent/
#202. Testa with <hair distribution>/
1. hairs over surface/
2. tuft of hairs at one end (coma)/
3. tuft of hairs at each end/
4. hairs along margin/
#203. Testa with <relative length of hairs>/
1. short hairs/
2. medium length hairs/
3. long hairs/
#204. Testa <density of hairs>/
1. sparsely hairy/
2. moderately hairy/
3. densely hairy/
#205. Testa with <densely hair type: straight or curly>/
1. straight hairs/
2. curly hairs/
#206. Testa <with scattered hairs>/
1. hispid/
2. pilose/
3. tomentose/
4. velutinous/
5. villous/
1. hispid: bristly, bearing dense, erect, straight, harshly stiff (but sometimes flexuous) hairs (Lawrence 1955).
2. pilose: clothed with soft, very long, rather straight hairs, not dense but somewhat shaggy (Lawrence 1955).
3. tomentose: covered with more or less matted woolly hairs, curled and appressed to the surface (Lawrence 1955).
4. velutinous: velvety, pilelike, covered with erect straight dense hairs, much longer than puberulous (Lawrence 1955).
5. villous: bearing moderately dense, long, soft, often curly hairs, more or less erect but not necessarily straight (Lawrence 1955).
#207. Testa <with or without agglutinated hairs>/
1. with agglutinated hairs/
2. without agglutinated hairs/
#208. Testa <with or without hairs mucilaginous>/
1. with mucilaginous hairs/
2. without mucilaginous hairs/
#209. Testa <with or without glandular pubescence>/
1. with glandular pubescence/
2. without glandular pubescence/
#210. Testa <glandular pubescence distribution: scattered or dense>/
1. scattered/
2. dense/
#211. Testa <winged or not>/
1. with wing(s)/
2. without wings/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#212. Testa <wing number>/
-winged/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#213. Testa with <placement of wing(s)>/
1. wing encompassing seed/
2. wing at one end/
3. wings at both ends/
4. wing on one side/
5. wings on both sides/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#214. Testa with <when 2 or more wings, relative wing development>/
1. wings equally developed/
2. wings unequally developed/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#215. Testa with wing(s) <density>/
1. solid/
2. fimbriate/
3. laciniate/
1. solid: having an interior filled with matter (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. fimbriate: fringed, usually with hairs or hairlike structures (fimbrillae) along the margin (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. laciniate: cut into irregular lobes or segments (Harris and Harris 1994).
#216. Testa with solid wing(s) <texture>/
1. chartaceous/
2. corky/
3. similar to testa/
1. chartaceous: with a papery texture, usually not green (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. corky: resembling cork (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
3. similar to testa:
#217. Testa <with or without collar>/
1. with collar/
2. without collar/
#218. Testa <with or without operculum (embryostega)>/
1. with operculum/
2. without operculum/
#219. Testa <colored or transparent>/
1. colored/
2. transparent/
#220. Testa <monochrome, bichrome, or multichrome>/
1. monochrome/
2. bichrome/
3. multichrome/
#221. Testa <color>/
1. black/
2. blue/
3. brown (all shades)/
4. cream/
5. gray/
6. green/
7. orange/
8. purple/
9. red/
10. white/
11. yellow/
#222. Testa <texture and thickness>/
1. bony/
2. cartilaginous/
3. coriaceous/
4. corky/
5. crustaceous/
6. fibrous/
7. firm/
8. fleshy/
9. hard/
10. membranous/
11. thick/
12. thin/
13. spongy/
14. woody/
1. bony: of a close, hard texture, as the stones of plums (Jackson 1928).
2. cartilaginous: tought and firm but elastic and flexible like cartilage (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. coriaceous: with a leathery texture (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. corky: resembling cork (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
5. crustaceous: with a dry and brittle texture (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. firm: with a solid or compact structure or texture (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
7. fleshy: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. hard: not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
9. membranous: thin, soft, flexible, and more or less translucent, like a membrane (Harris and Harris 1994).
10. thick: having or being of relatively great depth or extent from one surface to its opposite (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
11. thin: having little extent from one surface to its opposite (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
12. spongy: having the texture of a spong, cellular and containing air, as in many seed coats (Jackson 1928).
13. woody: consisting mainly of hard lignified tissues, characteristic of or resembling woodconsisting mainly of hard (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#223. Testa <becoming mucilaginous>/
1. becoming mucilaginous when wetted/
2. not becoming mucilaginous when wetted/
#224. Testa <present around embryo or food reserve>/
1. surrounding embryo/
2. surrounding food reserve/
3. surrounding endosperm/
4. surrounding perisperm/
5. surrounding chalazosperm/
#225. Hilum <relative size>/
1. punctate/
2. larger than punctate/
#226. Hilum <location when larger than minute>/
1. basal/
2. marginal <peltate>/
#227. Hilum <outline>/
1. circular/
2. elliptic/
3. heart-shaped/
4. irregular/
5. linear/
6. oblong/
1. circular: the exact or approximate form or outline of a circle (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. ellipsoidal: the broadest point midway between the ends, sides curved equally from the middle, 1.35–2.5 times as long as wide (Stearn 1966 and SACDT 1962).
3. heart-shaped: heart shaped with a notch at the apex (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. irregular: wanting in regularity of form (Jackson 1928).
5. linear: sides more or less parallel, 9–15 times as long as wide (Harris and Harris 1994 and SACDT 1962).
6. oblong: with the sides parallel or nearly so, 1.35–2.5 times as long as wide (Lawrence 1955 and SACDT 1962).
#228. Raphe <conspicuous or inconspicuous>/
1. conspicuous/
2. inconspicuous/
#229. Raphe <texture>/
1. texture as testa/
2. corky (including those shaped like a fungus)/
3. fleshy/
4. fringed/
5. spongy arilloid tissue/
1. texture same as testa: texture the same as testa.
2. corky (including those shaped like a fungus): resembling cork (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
3. fleshy: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. fringed: with hairs or bristles along the margin (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. spongy arilloid tissue: similar to an aril with the texture of a spong, cellular and containing air.
#230. Raphe <length relative to seed>/
1. longer than seed/
2. as long as seed/
3. shorter than seed/
#231. Raphe <exerted or included in open fruit>/
1. exerted from dehisced fruit/
2. included in dehisced fruit/
#232. Endosperm development <at the cellular leve>/
1. cellular/
2. helobial/
3. nuclear/
1. cellular: the first cell division in endosperm formation and subsequent ones are accompanied by wall formation (Maheshwari 1950).
2. helobial: the first cell division in endosperm formation is followed by formation of a transverse wall, resulting in micropylar and chalazal chambers (Maheshwari 1950).
3. nuclear: the first cell division in endosperm formation and several following ones are unaccompanied by wall formation, later on cell wall formation may occur (Maheshwari 1950).
#233. Endosperm <relative quantity in mature seed>/
1. copious/
2. moderate/
3. scant <combine with thin and trace>/
4. thin/
5. trace/
#234. Endosperm <when trace, distribution relative to radicle>/
1. restricted to sheath around radicle/
2. more limited than sheath around radicle/
#235. Endosperm <texture>/
1. cartilaginous/
2. crystalline-granular/
3. fibrous/
4. fleshy/
5. fleshy-firm/
6. fleshy-soft/
7. fleshy-watery/
8. floury/
9. gelatinous/
10. hard/
11. mealy/
12. mucilaginous/
13. soft/
1. cartilaginous: tought and firm but elastic and flexible like cartilage (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. crystalline-granular: with small granules formed by crystallization of grains (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. fibrous: containing or resembling fibers (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. fleshy: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. fleshy-firm: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. fleshy-soft: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
7. fleshy-watery: with a thick and pulpy texture, succulent (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. floury: of or resembling flour especially in fine powdery texture (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
9. gelatinous: jellylike in texture (Harris and Harris 1994).
10. hard: not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
11. mealy: with the consistency of meal, powdery, dry, and crumbly (Harris and Harris 1994).
12. mucilaginous: slimy and moist, mucilagelike (Harris and Harris 1994).
13. soft: yielding or giving way to physical pressure, having a surface that does not firmly resist the touch, loose rather than dense in texture or consistency (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#236. Endosperm <transparent or opaque>/
1. transparent/
2. opaque/
#237. Endosperm <surface sculpturing>/
1. coiled/
2. corrugated/
3. folded/
4. pitted/
5. ruminate/
6. smooth/
1. coiled: to wind into rings laid within or on top of one another or wound spirally about an object (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. corrugated: wrinkled or folded into alternating furrows and ridges (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. folded: to lay one part over another part of something, double upon itself (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. pitted: bearing small depressions (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. ruminate: roughly wrinkled (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. smooth: with an even surface, not rough to the touch (Harris and Harris 1994).
#238. Endosperm <with or without starch>/
1. with starch/
2. without starch/
#239. Endosperm with starch composed of <grain structure>/
1. solitary grains/
2. clustered grains/
#240. Endosperm with <starch grains compound or simple>/
1. compound starch grains/
2. simple starch grains/
#241. Endosperm with <food reserve chemical composition>/
1. amylose/
2. fats/
3. hemicellulose/
4. lipids/
5. oils/
6. proteins/
7. saccharose/
#242. Endosperm <with or without cyclopropene>/
1. with fatty acid containing cyclopropene/
2. without fatty acid containing cyclopropene/
#243. Endosperm with <acidic composition>/
1. acetic acid/
2. chaulmoogric acid (cyclopentenoid)/
3. parinaric acid/
4. petroselenic acid/
1. acetic acid: a colorless liquid acid CH3COOH with a pungent odor constituting the chief acid of vinegar (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. chaulmoogric acid (cyclopentenoid): a crystalline unsaturated acid C5H7(CH2)12COOH found as an ester in chaulmoogra oil and hydnocarpus oil; 13-(2-cyclopenten-1-yl)-tridecanoic acid.
3. parinaric acid: a crystalline highly unsaturated fatty acid CH3CH2(CH . CH)4(CH2)7COOH obtained especially from seed fats of trees of the genus Parinarium.
4. petroselenic acid:
#244. Endosperm <with or without arabinose>/
1. with polysaccharide (arabinose)/
2. without polysaccharide (arabinose)/
#245. Endosperm <with or without apical lobes>/
1. with apical lobes/
2. without apical lobes/
#246. Endosperm <number of apical lobes>/
-lobed at apex/
#247. Endosperm <with or without chlorophyll>/
1. with chlorophyll and green/
2. without chlorophyll/
#248. Endosperm <with or without faceted surface>/
1. with more or less isodiametric faceted surface/
2. without isodiametric faceted surface/
#249. Endosperm <with or without odor and type of odor>/
1. with odor of bitter-almond/
2. with odor of garlic/
3. without odor/
#250. Perisperm <relative quanity>/
1. copious/
2. moderate/
3. scanty <1-cell thick around embryo>/
4. trace/
#251. Perisperm <texture>/
1. cartilaginous/
2. crystalline granular/
3. floury/
4. hard/
5. mealy/
6. soft/
1. cartilaginous: tought and firm but elastic and flexible like cartilage (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. crystalline-granular: with small granules formed by crystallization of grains (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. floury: of or resembling flour especially in fine powdery texture (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. hard: not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
5. mealy: with the consistency of meal, powdery, dry, and crumbly (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. soft: yielding or giving way to physical pressure, having a surface that does not firmly resist the touch, loose rather than dense in texture or consistency (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#252. Perisperm <with or without starch>/
1. with starch/
#253. Perisperm with starch composed of <solitary or clustered grain>/
1. solitary grains/
2. clustered grains/
#254. Perisperm with <starch grains compound or simple>/
1. compound starch grains/
2. simple starch grains/
#255. Perisperm with reserves composed of <chemical composition>/
1. amylose/
2. hemicellulose/
3. oil/
4. protein/
5. saccharose/
#256. Perisperm <transparent or opaque>/
1. transparent/
2. opaque/
#257. Perisperm <surface smooth or not smooth>/
1. smooth/
1. smooth: with an even surface, not rough to the touch (Harris and Harris 1994).
#258. Chalazosperm <relative quantity in mature seed>/
1. copious/
#259. Chalazosperm <when trace, distribution relative to radicle>/
1. restricted to sheath around radicle/
2. more limited than sheath around radicle/
#260. Chalazosperm <texture>/
1. mealy/
1. mealy: with the consistency of meal, powdery, dry, and crumbly (Harris and Harris 1994).
#261. Chalazosperm <transparent or opaque>/
1. transparent/
#262. Chalazosperm <surface>/
1. coiled/
2. corrugated/
3. folded/
4. ruminate (brainlike)/
5. sculptured/
6. smooth/
1. coiled: to wind into rings laid within or on top of one another or wound spirally about an object (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. corrugated: wrinkled or folded into alternating furrows and ridges (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. folded: to lay one part over another part of something, double upon itself (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. ruminate (brainlike): roughly wrinkled (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. sculptured: impressed or raised markings or the pattern of such markings on the surface of a plant part (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
6. smooth: with an even surface, not rough to the touch (Harris and Harris 1994).
#263. Chalazosperm <with or without starch>/
1. with starch/
#264. Chalazosperm with starch composed of <grain structure>/
1. clustered grains/
#265. Chalazosperm with <starch grains compound or simple>/
1. compound starch grains/
2. simple starch grains/
#266. Chalazosperm with <food reserve chemical composition>/
1. oil/
#267. Embryo <differentiated or not from food reserve>/
1. differentiated from food reserve/
2. undifferentiated from food reserve/
#268. Embryo <degree of development>/
1. well developed/
2. rudimentary/
#269. Embryo <number of embryos per seed>/
per seed/
#270. Embryo <relative filling of testa>/
1. completely filling testa (no food reserve)/
2. partially filling testa (with food reserve)/
3. nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve)/
#271. Embryo chamber <location in winged seed>/
1. basal to wing/
2. apical to wing/
3. central to wings/
4. lateral to wing/
wing: thin, flat margin bordering a structure (Harris and Harris 1994).
#272. Embryo <development relative to food reserve when seed shed>/
times the length of food reserve/
#273. Embryo at one end of seed <extending into a depression or cup, or not>/
1. extending into a depression or cup/
2. not extending into a depression or cup/
#274. Embryo <location when not completely filling testa>/
1. axile and centric/
2. axile and excentric/
3. basal/
4. lateral/
5. peripheral/
6. apical/
#275. Embryo <when well developed, shape in outline>/
1. conical/
2. foliate/
3. lens/
4. linear/
5. miniature/
6. T-shaped/
7. turbinate/
1. conical: cone shaped with the point of attachment at the broad end (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. foliate: leaflike (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. lens: lentil shaped, biconvex (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. linear: sides more or less parallel, 9–15 times as long as wide (Harris and Harris 1994 and SACDT 1962).
5. miniature: a representation on a much reduced scale (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
6. T-shaped: shaped like the letter 'T'.
7. turbinate: inversely conical with the point of attachment at the narrow end.
#276. Embryo with <when cotyledons foliate, cotyledon shape>/
1. investing cotyledons/
2. spatulate cotyledons/
#277. Embryo <when axile and miniature, relative size - Martin 1946>/
1. dwarf <embryo small to total in seed, stocky, cotyledons poorly developed: seeds 0.3 to 2 mm long sans testa>/
2. micro <seed minute, mostly less than 0.2 mm sans testa, globular; embryo minute to total (Martin 1946:520)>/
#278. Embryo <basal shape>/
1. broad/
2. capitate/
3. lenticular/
4. linear/
1. broad: marked by ample extent from side to side or by relatively large distance between sides or limits, not narrow (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. capitate: head-like (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. lenticular: lentil shaped (lens shaped), biconvex (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. linear: sides more or less parallel, 9–15 times as long as wide (Harris and Harris 1994 and SACDT 1962).
#279. Embryo <when rudimentary, shape in outline>/
1. conical/
2. discoid/
3. globose/
4. lenticular/
5. linear/
6. shield shaped/
7. turbinate/
1. conical: cone shaped with the point of attachment at the broad end (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. discoid: resembling a disk (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. globose: globe shaped, spherical (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. lenticular: lentil shaped (lens shaped), biconvex (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. linear: sides more or less parallel, 9–15 times as long as wide (Harris and Harris 1994 and SACDT 1962).
6. shield shaped: in the form of a buckler, clypeate, peltate, scutate (Jackson 1928).
7. turbinate: inversely conical with the point of attachment at the narrow end.
#280. Embryo <declination in seed>/
1. annular/
2. arcuate/
3. bent/
4. C-shaped <curved>/
5. conically coiled (circinate)/
6. flatly coiled (circinate)/
7. J-shaped/
8. straight/
9. U-shaped/
1. annular: of or relating to a ring, forming a ring, or shaped like a ring (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. arcuate: bent or curved in the form of a bow (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
3. bent: changed by bending or being bent so as to be no longer in an original straight, level, or even condition (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. C-shaped (curved): curved into the shape of the letter 'C'.
5. conically coiled (circinate): to wind into rings laid on top of one another to form a cone (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
6. flatly coiled (circinate): to wind into rings laid within one another to form a disc (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
7. J-shaped: curved into the shape of the letter 'J'.
8. straight: without bends.
9. U-shaped: curved in the shape of the letter 'U'.
#281. Embryo <when annular, percent of annularity>/
1. 90% annular <below 90% is C-shaped>/
2. 100% annular <tips of cots and radicle touching>/
3. 125% annular <tips of roots and radicle overlapping>/
4. 150% annular <above 150% is coiled (circinate)>/
#282. Embryo <position relative to seed length>/
1. oblique to seed length/
2. parallel to seed length/
3. transverse to seed length/
#283. Embryo <position relative to food reserve>/
1. capping one end of endosperm/
2. lying along one side of endosperm/
3. surrounding endosperm/
4. surrounding perisperm/
5. embedded in endosperm/
6. embedded in perisperm/
7. capping one end of perisperm/
8. lying along one side of perisperm/
#284. Embryo with cotyledons <form of merge between cotyledon & hypocotyl-radicle>/
1. abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle/
2. gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle/
#285. Embryo <with or without coleoptile>/
1. with coleoptile/
2. without coleoptile/
coleoptile: sheath protecting the stem tip in monocotyledons (Harris and Harris 1994).
#286. Embryo <with or without coleorhiza>/
1. with coleorhiza/
2. without coleorhiza/
coleorhiza: sheath that surrounds and is penetrated by the radicle in some seeds (Harris and Harris 1994).
#287. Embryo <with or without simmondsin>/
1. with simmondsin (cyanogenic glucoside)/
2. without simmondsin/
#288. Embryo with cotyledons containing <when endosperm or food reserve absent, chemical composition>/
1. acetic acid/
2. euric acid/
3. fats/
4. lauric acid/
5. lesquerolic acid/
6. licanic acid/
7. oils/
8. parinaric acid/
9. protein/
10. punicic acid/
11. starch/
12. raffinose/
13. stachyose/
#289. Embryo <with or without stomata>/
1. with stomata/
2. without stomata/
#290. Embryo <green or not>/
1. green/
2. not green/
#291. Embryo <cotyledons present or absent>/
1. acotyledonous <no cotyledon>/
2. with 1 cotyledon/
3. with 2 or more cotyledons/
#292. Cotyledons <when 2 or more per embryo, number of cotyledons>/
1. 2/
2. 3/
3. 4/
4. 5/
5. 6/
6. 7/
7. 11/
8. 12/
9. 2 but appearing as 1/
#293. Cotyledons <development relative to hypocotyl-radicle>/
1. scarcely differentiated/
2. tiny/
3. well developed/
4. moderately developed/
5. scale-like/
#294. Cotyledons <divaricate (spreading apart) or not>/
1. divaricate/
2. not divaricate/
#295. Cotyledons <length relative to embryo>/
times length of embryo/
#296. Cotyledons <when axile and linear and/or foliate, width relative to hypocotyl-radicle in classes>/
1. as wide as hypocotyl-radicle/
2. somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle/
3. not as wide as hypocotyl-radicle/
#297. Cotyledons <actual width relative to hypocotyl-radicle>/
times wider than hypocotyl-radicle/
#298. Cotyledons <exposure of hypocotyl-radicle - not plumule>/
1. entirely concealing hypocotyl-radicle/
2. partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle/
3. not concealing hypocotyl-radicle/
#299. Cotyledons <relationship to hypocotyl-radicle>/
1. accumbent to hypocotyl-radicle/
2. incumbent to hypocotyl-radicle/
3. conduplicate to hypocotyl-radicle/
4. obliquely incumbent to hypocotyl-radicle/
1. accumbent to hypocotyl-radicle: each cotyledon with 1 edge lying against the hypocotyl-radicle (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. incumbent to hypocotyl-radicle: cotyledons lying against the hypocotyl-radicle along the back of just 1 cotyledon (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. conduplicate to hypocotyl-radicle: cotyledons folded together lengthwise with the hypocotyle-radicle within (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. obliquely incumbent to hypocotyl-radicle: cotyledons lying obliquely against the hypocotyl-radicle along the back of just 1 cotyledon (Harris and Harris 1994).
#300. Cotyledons <foliaceous or not>/
1. foliaceous/
2. not foliaceous/
#301. Cotyledons <relative thickness>/
1. thin/
2. moderately thick/
3. thick/
4. massive/
5. hemispheric/
#302. Cotyledons <relationship to each other>/
1. circinate/
2. convoluted/
3. contorted/
4. controtiplicate/
5. crumpled/
6. flat/
7. irregularly-folded/
8. much folded/
9. once-folded/
10. plicate/
11. rugose/
12. sinuous/
13. twice-folded/
14. twisted/
15. undulate/
1. circinate: coiled from the tip downward as in the young leaves of a fern (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. convoluted: rolled up longitudinally with parts in an overlapping arrangement like shingles on a roof (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. contorted: twisted or bent (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. controtiplicate:
5. crumpled: wrinkled, creased, or bent out of shape by or as if by pressing, folding, or crushing (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
6. flat: having a smooth or even surface whether horizontal or not (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
7. irregularly-folded: to lay one part over another part of something, double upon itself, in an irregular manner (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
8. much folded: to lay one part over another part of something, double upon itself, many times (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
9. once-folded: to lay one part over another part of something, double upon itself, 1 time (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
10. plicate: plaited or folded, as a folding fan (Harris and Harris 1994).
11. rugose: wrinkled (Harris and Harris 1994).
12. sinuous: bending in and out, of a serpentine or wavy form (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
13. twice-folded: to lay one part over another part of something, double upon itself, 2 times (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
14. twisted: to coil or wind with sinuous or tortuous motion (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
15. undulate: bending in gradual curves, wavy (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#303. Cotyledons <surface sculpturing>/
1. corrugate/
2. rugose/
3. ruminate/
4. sculptured/
5. smooth/
6. 2-lobed/
7. undulate/
8. wrinkled/
1. corrugate: wrinkled or folded into alternating furrows and ridges (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. rugose: wrinkled (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. ruminate: ruminate: roughly wrinkled (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. sculptured: sculptured: impressed or raised markings or the pattern of such markings on the surface of a plant part (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
5. smooth: with an even surface, not rough to the touch (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. 2-lobed:
7. undulate: wavy, but not so deeply or as pronounced as sinuate (Harris and Harris 1994).
8. wrinkled: bearing small ridges, prominences, or furrows especially when formed on a surface by the shrinking or contraction of a smooth substance (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
#304. Cotyledons with apices <apical shape>/
1. bifid/
2. cleft/
3. entire/
4. laciniate/
5. lobed/
6. notched/
7. palmately lobed/
1. bifid: deeply two-cleft or two-lobed, usually from the tip (Harris and Harris 1994).
2. cleft: cut or split about half-way to the middle or base (Harris and Harris 1994).
3. entire: not toothed, notched, or divided (Harris and Harris 1994).
4. laciniate: cut into narrow, irregular lobes or segments (Harris and Harris 1994).
5. lobed: bearing lobes that are cut less than half way to the base (Harris and Harris 1994).
6. notched: V-shaped indentation or hollow (as in a surface or edge) (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
7. palmately lobed: lobed from a common point, like the fingers of a hand (Harris and Harris 1994).
#305. Cotyledons with margins <degree of fusion>/
1. connate/
2. adhering <conferruminate>/
3. separate/
connate: fusion of like parts, as fusion of filaments into a staminal tube (Harris and Harris 1994).
adhering (conferruminate): sticking together of unlike parts, such as anthers to the style. The attachment is not as firm or solid as adnate, i.e. fusion of unlike parts (Harris and Harris 1994).
separate: parts neither fused not sticking together.
#306. Cotyledons basally <basal shape: cordate or entire>/
1. cordate/
2. entire/
cordate: with 2 lobes giving a heart-shaped appearance (Lawrence 1955).
entire: not toothed, notched, or divided (Harris and Harris 1994).
#307. Cotyledons <equal or unequal in size>/
1. equal in size/
2. unequal in size/
#308. Cotyledons <degree of inequality>/
1. more or less unequal/
2. markedly unequal/
#309. Cotyledons <punctate dotted or not>/
1. punctate dotted/
2. not punctate dotted/
punctate dotted: dotted with pits, translucent, sunken glands, or colored dots (Harris and Harris 1994).
#310. Cotyledons one developed and the other <when cotyledons markedly unequal, degree of development of the smaller cotyledon>/
1. vestigal/
2. scalelike and emerging (along with radicle and plumule) through terminal pore left by fallen style/
#311. Cotyledons one and <when 1 cotyledon, its position relative to plumule>/
1. lateral with terminal plumule/
2. oblique and enclosing plumule/
3. terminal with lateral plumule/
4. terminal and sheathing plumule/
5. terminal/
#312. Cotyledons one and <when 1 cotyledon, scutellum or not>/
1. enlarged into lateral scutellum/
2. not modified into scutellum/
scutellum: small platelike or shieldlike structure, as in some monocot seeds (Harris and Harris 1994).
#313. Cotyledons one and <when 1 cotyledon, coiled or not>/
1. circinately coiled/
2. not circinately coiled/
circinately coiled: coiled from the tip downward, as in young fern leaves (Harris and Harris 1994).
#314. Hypocotyl-radicle <relative degree of development>/
1. undeveloped/
2. vestigial <minute>/
3. small/
4. moderately developed/
5. well developed/
#315. Hypocotyl-radicle <outline>/
1. coiled/
2. curved/
3. folded/
4. spirally twisted/
5. straight/
1. coiled: to wind into rings laid within or on top of one another or wound spirally about an object (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. curved: with 1 or more bends so that it is not straight.
3. folded: to lay one part over another part of something, double upon itself (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
4. spirally twisted: to coil or wind with sinuous or tortuous motion (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
5. straight: without bends.
#316. Hypocotyl-radicle <relative thickness>/
1. much thickened/
2. not thickened/
#317. Hypocotyl-radicle <separated from cotyledons>/
1. in pocket formed by testa therefore mostly separate from cotyledons/
#318. Plumule <relative development>/
1. undeveloped/
2. minute/
3. small/
4. moderately developed/
5. well developed/
#319. Plumule composed of <number of seed-leaves>/
1. 1 seed-leaf/
2. 2 seed-leaves/
3. several seed-leaves/
#320. Plumule <axis shape>/
1. bent/
2. hooked/
3. straight/
1. bent: changed by bending or being bent so as to be no longer in an original straight or even condition, less strongly bent than 'hooked' (Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1961 ed.).
2. hooked: bent so that the apex almost touches the main part of the organ, forming a partial circle.
3. straight: without bends.
#321. Plumule <location relative to cotyledon(s)>/
1. terminal between 2 cotyledons/
2. lateral and fitting into groove along terminal cotyledon <moncot>/
3. lateral and not fitting into groove along terminal cotyledon <moncot>/
#322. Plumule lateral and <when lateral, position>/
1. nearly basal/
2. basal and closed sheathing cotyledons and lying in groove of enlarged hypocotyl/
#323. <Family: distribution both new and old worlds>/
1. cosmopolitan/
2. pantropical/
3. pansubtropical/
4. north temperate/
5. pantemperate/
6. circumboreal/
#324. <Family: distribution new world or old world>/
1. New World/
2. Old World/
#325. <Distribution:>/
1. North America <Greenland, Canada, USA>/
2. Middle America <Mexico, Central America, West Indies>/
3. South America/
4. Europe <to Russia>/
5. Africa/
6. Asia Major <Russia including Japan and China>/
7. Asia Minor <Turkey and Saudi Arabia to India>/
8. southeastern Asia <(below China) India through Indonesia (above Australia) including Malay Archipeligo and the Philippines>/
9. Australia <and Tasmania>/
10. Oceania <New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia (including Hawaii)>/
Distribution. (Andrew McNally III. 1969. The International Atlas. Rand McNally, Chicago.)
1. North America: Greenland, Canada, USA
2. Middle America: Mexico, Central America, West Indies
3. South America
4. Europe as far as Russia
5. Africa
6. Asia Major: Russia including Japan & China
7. Asia Minor: Turkey and Saudi Arabia to India
8. Asia Southeastern: below China, India through Indonesia (above Australia) including Malay Archipeligo and the Philippines
9. Australia and Tasmania
10. Oceania: New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (including Hawaii)
#326. <Notes.>/
#327. <Presence of USA noxious weeds>/
1. no USA noxious weeds <listed for this family>/
2. 1 or more USA Federal noxious weeds <in this family>/
3. 1 or more USA state noxious weeds <in this family>/
#328. USA Federal noxious weeds:/
#329. USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds:/
1. Alabama (AL)/
2. Alaska (AK)/
3. Arizona (AZ)/
4. Arkansas (AR)/
5. California (CA)/
6. Colorado (CO)/
7. Connecticut (CT)/
8. Delaware (DE)/
9. District of Colombia (DC)/
10. Florida (FL)/
11. Georgia (GA)/
12. Guam (GU) <territory>/
13. Hawaii (HI)/
14. Idaho (ID)/
15. Illinois (IL)/
16. Indiana (IN)/
17. Iowa (IA)/
18. Kansas (KS)/
19. Kentucky (KY)/
20. Louisiana (LA)/
21. Maine (ME)/
22. Maryland (MD)/
23. Massachusetts (MA)/
24. Michigan (MI)/
25. Minnesota (MN)/
26. Mississippi (MS)/
27. Missouri (MO)/
28. Montana (MT)/
29. Nebraska (NE)/
30. Nevada (NV)/
31. New Hampshire (NH)/
32. New Jersey (NJ)/
33. New Mexico (NM)/
34. New York (NY)/
35. North Carolina (NC)/
36. North Dakota (ND)/
37. Ohio (OH)/
38. Oklahoma (OK)/
39. Oregon (OR)/
40. Pennsylvania (PA)/
41. Puerto Rico (PR) <territory>/
42. Rhode Island (RI)/
43. South Carolina (SC)/
44. South Dakota (SD)/
45. Tennessee (TN)/
46. Texas (TX)/
47. Utah (UT)/
48. Vermont (VT)/
49. Virgin Islands (VI) <territory>/
50. Virginia (VA)/
51. Washington (WA)/
52. West Virginia (WV)/
53. Wisconsin (WI)/
54. Wyoming (WY)/
#330. USA state and territory noxious weeds:/
#331. <Presence of ASOA or ISTA listed seeds>/
1. no ASOA or ISTA listed seeds/
2. ASOA listed seeds/
3. ISTA listed seeds/
#332. ASOA listed seeds:/
#333. ISTA listed seeds:/
Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds.
#334. <Genera:>/
Accepted genera: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available at https://www.ars-grin.gov/ (January 2003)./
#335. Cronquist page <number>/
#336. <Literature - only for this family>/
#337. <General references>/
1. Airy Shaw, H.K. 1973. A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, 1,131 pp. University Press, Cambridge/
2. Aubréville, A. and J.-F. Leroy. 1982. Flore de la Nouvelle Calédonie et Dépendances. National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris/
3. Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris/
4. Boerlage, J. G. 1897–1914. Icones Borgorienses, 4 vols. E.J. Brill, Leiden (plate numbers are in [ ])/
5. Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York/
6. Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York/
7. Dahlgren, R.M.T., H.T. Clifford and P.F. Yeo. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons, 520 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/
8. Engler, A. 1900–1953. Das Pflanzenreich, nos. 1–107. Facsimile edition. Engelmann-Cramer, Weinheim/
9. Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig/
10. Flora of Australia (various years and volumes). Australian Government Publication, Canberra/
11. Flora Neotropica. 1968–74. Nos. 1–14. Hafner Publishing Company, Darien and 1976-. Nos. 15-present. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx [monograph number]/
12. Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart/
13. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available at www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/tax/index.html (January 2003): Species names with authors were found in GRIN, those without authors we not found in GRIN/
14. Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted] <(? these URL's fail) vol 58 URL, www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Botany/scb_RecordSingle.cfm?filename=scb-0058; vol. 71 URL, www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Botany/scb_RecordSingle.cfm?filename=scb-0071>/
15. Gray, A. 1848. Genera florae Americae boreali-orientalis illustrata, 2 vols. James Munroe and Co., Boston./
16. Gunn, C.R. and J.V. Dennis. 1976. World guide to tropical drift seeds and fruits, 240 pp. The New York Times Book Co., New York/
17. Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313/
18. Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500/
19. Haynes, R.R. and L.B. Holm-Nielsen. 1985. A generic treatment of Alismatidae in the neotropics with special reference to Brazil. Acta Amazonica, Supl. 15:153–193/
20. Hooker, J.D. 1873 and forward. Icones Plantarum. William & Norgate, London. (plate number cited in text within [ ])/
21. Hutchinson, J. 1964. The families of flowering plants, vol. I. Dicotyledons. Clarendon Press, Oxford/
22. Johnson, L.A.S. and K.L. Wilson. 1990. Cycadophytina/Cycadatae with the single living order Cycadales (Cycads). In: Kubitzki, K., ed., The families and genera of vascular plants, pp. 362–377. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/
23. Kubitzki, K. 1990. Gnetatae with the single living order Gnetales. In: Kubitzki, K., ed., The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 1, pp. 378–391. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/
24. LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London/
25. Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/
26. Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660/
27. Martius, C.F.P. von. 1840–1906. Flora Brasiliensis. 15 vols. Lindaueri, Munich/
28. Mirle, C. and R.J. Burnham. 1999. Identification of asymmetrically winged samaras from the Western Hemisphere. Brittonia 51:1–14/
29. Morley, B.D. and H.R. Toelken, eds. 1983. Flowering Plants in Australia, 416 pp. Rigby, Adelaide/
30. Page, C.N. 1990. Coniferophytina (Conifers and Ginkgoids). In: Kubitzki, K., ed., The families and genera of vascular plants, pp. 282–361. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/
31. Roosmalen, M.G.M. van. 1985. Fruits of the Guianan flora, 483 pp. Institute of Systematic Botany, Wageningen Agricultural University. Drukkerij Veenman B.V., Wageningen/
32. Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883/
33. Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182/
34. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van, ed. 1950 onwards. Flora Malesiana, ser. 1. Spermatophyta. Noordhoff-Kolff, Djakarta/
35. Wight, R. 1840–1853. Icones plantarum Indiae orientalis, 6 vols. J.B. Pharoah, Madras/
36. Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York/
#338. <Illustrations - overview>/
#339. Disseminule illustration(s): <overview>/
1. "cone"/
2. fruit <entire and intact>/
3. fruit <partial>/
4. fruit incomplete <mesocarp visible>/
5. fruit incomplete <endocarp visible>/
6. seed <testa visible>/
7. embryo/
#340. Illustrated "cone":/
1. arcesthida/
2. arillocarpium/
3. compound cone/
4. epispermatium/
5. galbulus/
6. simple cone/
7. spermidium/
8. strobilus/
#341. "Cone" illustration(s):/
#342. Fruit illustration(s): <entire (including dehisced) and intact>/
#343. Fruit illustration(s): <partial - a segment>/
#344. Fruit illustration(s): <incomplete - mesocarp>/
#345. Fruit illustration(s): <incomplete - endocarp>/
#346. Seed illustration(s):/
#347. Embryo illustration(s):/
#348. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa):/
#349. <Illustrations:>/
#350. Abbreviated taxon name:/
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.