| | Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification and information retrieval |
#1. <Family:>/
#2. <Species, synonyms etc.:>/
#3. Trade and local names:/
#4. <Status of protection under CITES regulations: whether listed in annex I, II or III>/
1. not protected under CITES regulations /
2. listed in CITES Annex I/
3. listed in CITES Annex II/
4. listed in CITES Annex III/
#5. Description based on <number of specimens examined>/
#6. <Habit>/
1. tree/
2. shrub/
3. vine or liana/
#7. Geographic distribution:/
1. Europe, excl. Mediterranean/
2. Mediterranean incl. N. Africa and Middle East/
3. temperate Asia <China, Japan, former USSR>/
4. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka/
5. Myanmar (Burma)/
6. Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia <Indochina>/
7. Indomalesia <Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands>/
8. Pacific Islands <incl. New Caledonia, Samoa, Hawaii, and Fiji>/
9. Australia/
10. New Zealand/
11. tropical Africa/
12. Madagascar & other islands <Mauritius, Reunion & Comores>/
13. southern Africa <south of the Tropic of Capricorn>/
14. North America <north of Mexico>/
15. Mexico and Central America/
16. Caribbean/
17. tropical South America/
18. southern Brazil/
19. temperate South America <incl. Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and south Paraguay>/
#8. <Presence of> growth ring boundaries/
1. <microscopically> distinct/
2. <microscopically> indistinct or absent /
#9. <Comment on growth rings: additional observations or comments, e.g. macroscopic appearance:>/
#10. <Colour of> heartwood basically/
1. brown <or shades of brown>/
2. red <or shades of red>/
3. yellow <or shades of yellow>/
4. white or grey/
5. black/
6. purple/
7. green/
#11. Heartwood <presence of streaks>/
1. with streaks/
2. without streaks /
#12. <Differences between heartwood and> sapwood colour/
1. similar to heartwood colour/
2. distinct from heartwood colour/
#13. <Presence of a distinct> odour/
1. distinct <any association?; indicate whether pleasant or unpleasant>/
2. indistinct or absent /
#14. Density <average, range>/
g/cm³/
#15. Wood <commercial potential>/
1. of commercial potential /
2. of no commercial potential/
#16. <Macroscopic features: additional observations or comments:>/
#17. <Presence of> vessels/
1. present /
2. absent/
#18. Wood <porosity: ring vs diffuse>/
1. ring porous/
2. semi ring porous/
3. diffuse porous/
#19. Ring of earlywood vessels <uniseriate vs. multiseriate>/
1. uniseriate/
2. multiseriate /
#20. Vessels arranged in <pattern, in ringporous woods only latewood>/
1. tangential bands/
2. a diagonal and/or radial pattern/
3. a dendritic pattern/
4. no specific pattern /
#21. <Solitary vs grouped> vessels/
1. exclusively solitary <more than 90% according to IAWA 1984>/
2. in multiples <mixed solitary and multiples or exclusively multiples>/
#22. <Type of multiple> vessels commonly/
1. in short (2–3 vessels) radial rows/
2. in radial rows of 4 or more/
3. in clusters/
#23. Vessel outline <of solitary vessels>/
1. rounded /
2. angular/
#24. <Presence of> two distinct vessel diameter classes <in diffuse porous wood>/
1. present/
2. absent /
#25. <Qualitative vessel data: additional observations or comments:>/
#26. Average tangential vessel diameter/
µm/
#27. Average tangential diameter of vessels: <size classes>/
1. small <less than 50 µm>/
2. medium <50–100 µm>/
3. large <100–200 µm>/
4. very large <more than 200 µm>/
#28. Average number of vessels/mm²/
#29. Vessels per square millimetre <size classes>/
1. very few <less than 5>/
2. few <5–20>/
3. moderately numerous <20–40>/
4. numerous <40–100>/
5. very numerous <more than 100>/
#30. Average vessel element length/
µm/
#31. Average vessel element length <size classes>/
1. short <less than 350 µm>/
2. medium <350–800 µm>/
3. long <more than 800 µm>/
#32. <Quantitative vessel data: additional observations or comments:>/
#33. Perforation plates <types>/
1. simple/
2. scalariform/
3. reticulate, foraminate or other types/
#34. Perforation plates with <scalariform plates, number of bars>/
bars/
#35. <Perforation plates: additional observations or comments:>/
#36. Intervessel pits <arrangement>/
1. scalariform/
2. opposite/
3. alternate/
#37. <Intervessel pits> average diameter (vertical)/
µm/
#38. <Intervessel pits> average diameter (vertical) <size classes>/
1. minute <less than 4 µm>/
2. small <4–7 µm>/
3. medium <7–10 µm>/
4. large <more than 10 µm>/
#39. <Intervessel> pits <presence of vestures>/
1. vestured/
2. not vestured /
#40. <Intervessel pits: additional observations or comments:>/
#41. <Borders of> vessel-ray pits <distinct vs reduced or absent>/
1. with distinct borders/
2. with reduced borders or apparently simple/
#42. <Distintly bordered> vessel-ray pits <size and shape>/
1. similar to intervessel pits/
2. different from intervessel pits/
#43. <Form of> vessel-ray pits <with reduced or absent borders>/
1. rounded or angular/
2. horizontal <scalariform, gash-like> to vertical <palisade>/
#44. <Size classes and types of> vessel-ray pits/
1. of uniform size or type /
2. of two distinct sizes or types in the same ray cell/
#45. Vessel-ray pits <one type vs unilaterally compound>/
1. of the same type in adjacent elements /
2. unilaterally compound and coarse <over 10 µm>/
#46. <Location of> vessel-ray pits/
1. located throughout the ray /
2. restricted to marginal rows/
#47. <Vessel-ray pits: additional observations or comments:>/
#48. <Presence of> helical thickenings <in vessel elements>/
1. present/
2. absent /
#49. Helical thickenings <vessel element type>/
1. only in narrow vessel elements/
2. in narrow and wide vessel elements/
#50. <Location of> helical thickenings <in vessel elements>/
1. throughout the body of vessel elements/
2. only in vessel element tails/
#51. Tyloses <presence in heartwood vessels>/
1. present/
2. absent /
#52. Tyloses <wall thickness>/
1. thinwalled/
2. sclerotic/
#53. <Presence of> other deposits <in heartwood vessels>/
1. present/
2. not observed /
#54. <Other deposits in heartwood vessels: additional observations or comments, eg. type, colour etc.>/
#55. <Presence of> vascular or vasicentric tracheids/
1. commonly present/
2. sporadic to absent /
#56. <Wall thickness of> fibres/
1. very thin-walled/
2. of medium wall thickness/
3. very thick-walled/
#57. Average fibre length/
µm/
#58. Average fibre length <size classes>/
1. short <less than 900 µm>/
2. medium <900–1600 µm>/
3. long <more than 1600 µm>/
#59. <Location of> fibre pits/
1. mainly restricted to radial walls/
2. common in both radial and tangential walls/
#60. Fibre pits <borders distinct vs simple to minute>/
1. simple to minutely bordered/
2. distinctly bordered/
#61. <Presence of> helical thickenings <in fibres>/
1. present/
2. absent /
#62. <Presence of septate> fibres/
1. exclusively septate/
2. septate and non-septate/
3. <exclusively> non-septate /
#63. <Arrangement of septate fibres>/
1. evenly distributed/
2. scattered near vessels and rays/
3. arranged in parenchyma-like bands alternating with ordinary fibres/
#64. <Fibres: additional observations or comments, eg. presence of tyloses or vestured interfibre pits, number of septa per fibre>/
#65. Axial parenchyma <presence>/
1. present /
2. absent or extremely rare/
#66. Axial parenchyma <whether banded>/
1. <typically> banded/
2. not banded /
#67. <Axial parenchyma> bands <whether marginal>/
1. marginal (or seemingly marginal)/
2. not marginal (or seemingly marginal) /
#68. Axial parenchyma bands <pattern formed with rays>/
1. forming a reticulate pattern with rays <of the same width>/
2. forming a scalariform pattern with <wider> rays/
3. much wider than rays/
#69. <Axial parenchyma> bands <width>/
1. fine <up to three cells wide>/
2. coarse <more than three cells wide>/
#70. <Axial parenchyma> bands <number per radial mm>/
per radial mm/
#71. <Banded axial parenchyma: additional observations or comments:>/
#72. Axial parenchyma <apotracheal vs paratracheal>/
1. apotracheal/
2. paratracheal/
#73. <Arrangement of> apotracheal axial parenchyma/
1. diffuse/
2. diffuse-in-aggregates/
#74. <Arrangement of> paratracheal axial parenchyma/
1. scanty/
2. vasicentric/
3. aliform/
4. confluent/
5. unilateral/
#75. Aliform parenchyma <type>/
1. of the lozenge type/
2. of the winged type <with fine lateral extensions>/
#76. Axial parenchyma <fusiform vs strand>/
1. fusiform/
2. as strands/
#77. Average number of <axial parenchyma> cells per strand:/
#78. <Presence of> unlignified parenchyma/
1. present/
2. absent /
#79. <Axial parenchyma: additional observations or comments:>/
#80. Rays <presence>/
1. present /
2. absent/
#81. Rays <number per tangential mm>/
per tangential mm/
#82. Rays <uniseriate vs multiseriate>/
1. exclusively uniseriate/
2. multiseriate <also if only few>/
#83. <Rays, width in number of cells>/
cells wide/
#84. <Multiseriate rays, size classes>/
1. narrow (2–3 seriate)/
2. of medium width (3–5 seriate)/
3. wide (5–10 seriate)/
4. very wide (more than 10 seriate)/
#85. Rays with multiseriate portions as wide as uniseriate portions <presence>/
1. present/
2. absent /
#86. Aggregate rays <presence>/
1. present/
2. absent /
#87. Rays <presence of two distinct sizes>/
1. of two distinct sizes/
2. of one size /
#88. Height of large rays/
1. up to 500 µm/
2. commonly 500 to 1000 µm/
3. commonly over 1000 µm/
#89. Rays composed of <number of cell types>/
1. a single cell type (homocellular)/
2. two or more cell types (heterocellular)/
#90. <Type of> homocellular ray cells/
1. <typically> procumbent/
2. <typically> square or upright/
#91. <General structure of> heterocellular rays with/
1. square and upright cells restricted to marginal rows/
2. procumbent, square and upright cells mixed throughout the ray/
#92. <Number of marginal rows of upright or square cells>/
1. mostly 1 marginal row of upright or square cells/
2. mostly 2–4 marginal rows of upright or square cells/
3. with more than 4 marginal rows of upright or square cells/
#93. <Presence of> sheath cells/
1. present/
2. absent /
#94. <Presence of> tile cells/
1. present/
2. absent /
#95. <Presence of> perforated ray cells/
1. present/
2. absent /
#96. <Presence of distinct> disjunctive ray parenchyma end walls/
1. distinct/
2. indistinct or absent /
#97. <Rays: additional observations or comments:>/
#98. <Presence of> storied structure/
1. present/
2. absent /
#99. <Rays, whether storied>/
1. all rays storied/
2. some rays storied, some not <low vs high rays>/
3. rays not storied /
#100. Axial parenchyma <whether storied>/
1. storied/
2. not storied /
#101. Vessel elements <whether storied>/
1. storied/
2. not storied /
#102. Fibres <whether storied>/
1. storied/
2. not storied /
#103. Arrangement of tiers <of storied elements>/
1. regular <horizontal or slightly inclined> /
2. irregular/
#104. Number of ray tiers per axial millimetre/
#105. <Storied structure: additional observations or comments:>/
#106. <Presence of> oil and mucilage cells/
1. present/
2. absent /
#107. <Oil and mucilage cells> associated with/
1. axial parenchyma/
2. ray parenchyma/
3. fibres/
#108. <Oil and mucilage cells: additional observations or comments:>/
#109. <Presence of> intercellular canals <resin canals, presence>/
1. present/
2. absent /
#110. Intercellular canals <traumatic origin?>/
1. traumatic origin/
2. non-traumatic origin /
#111. <Axial or radial type of> intercellular canals/
1. oriented axially/
2. oriented radially/
#112. <Arrangement of> axial intercellular canals/
1. in long tangential lines/
2. in short tangential lines/
3. diffusely arranged/
#113. <Intercellular canals: additional observations or comments:>/
#114. <Presence of> laticifers or tanniniferous tubes/
1. present/
2. absent /
#115. <Laticifers or tanniniferous tubes: additional observations or comments:>/
#116. <Presence of> included phloem/
1. present/
2. absent /
#117. <Arrangement of> included phloem/
1. concentric/
2. diffuse/
#118. <Presence of> other cambial variants/
1. present/
2. absent /
#119. <Included phloem or other cambial variants: additional observations or comments:>/
#120. <Presence of> crystals/
1. present/
2. not observed/
#121. <Type of> crystals/
1. prismatic/
2. druses/
3. raphides/
4. needle-like (acicular)/
5. styloids or elongate/
6. in form of crystal sand/
7. in other forms/
#122. Crystals located in <cell types>/
1. ray cells/
2. axial parenchyma cells/
3. fibres/
4. tyloses/
#123. <Type of> crystal-containing ray cells/
1. upright and/or square/
2. procumbent/
#124. <Presence of chambered> crystal-containing upright and/or square ray cells/
1. chambered/
2. not chambered /
#125. <Arrangement of> crystals in procumbent ray cells/
1. in radial alignment/
2. not in radial alignment /
#126. <Presence of chambered> crystal-containing axial parenchyma cells/
1. chambered/
2. not chambered/
#127. Number of crystals per cell or chamber <one vs more than one>/
1. one/
2. more than one/
#128. <Size of two or more> crystals in one cell or chamber/
1. of the same size /
2. of two distinct sizes/
#129. <Size of the> crystal containing cells <normal vs enlarged>/
1. of normal size /
2. enlarged (idioblasts)/
#130. <Presence of> cystoliths/
1. present/
2. absent /
#131. <Crystals and cystoliths: additional observations or comments:>/
#132. <Presence of> silica/
1. present/
2. not observed/
#133. <Type of> silica/
1. as grains/
2. in aggregates/
3. as vitreous silica/
#134. <Cell type of silica location>/
1. in rays cells/
2. in axial parenchyma/
3. in fibres/
4. in vessels/
#135. <Silica: additional observations or comments, eg. particle size:>/
#136. Heartwood <fluorescence>/
1. fluorescent <indicate color and intensity>/
2. not fluorescent/
#137. Water extract <fluorescence>/
1. fluorescent <indicate color and intensity>/
2. not fluorescent/
#138. Colour of water extract <basically>/
1. colourless to brown <or shade of brown>/
2. red <or shade of red>/
3. yellow <or shade of yellow>/
4. purple/
5. green/
#139. Heartwood extractives <whether leachable by water>/
1. leachable when in contact with water/
2. not leachable by water /
#140. Ethanol extract <fluorescence>/
1. fluorescent <indicate color and intensity>/
2. not fluorescent/
#141. Colour of ethanol extract <basically>/
1. colourless to brown <or shade of brown>/
2. red <or shade of red>/
3. yellow <or shade of yellow>/
4. purple/
5. green/
#142. <Colour and fluorescence of extracts: additional observations or comments:>/
#143. Chrome azurol-S test/
1. positive/
2. negative /
#144. Froth test/
1. positive/
2. negative /
#145. Splinter burns <to ash or charcoal>/
1. to full ash/
2. to partial ash/
3. to charcoal/
#146. Ash <colour>/
1. white to grey/
2. bright white/
3. yellow-brown/
4. <other than white, grey, yellow or brown; specify>/
#147. <Separating white oak from red oak>/
1. White oak: latewood vessels as opposed to red oak very small, in multiples, and thin-walled/
2. Red oak: latewood vessels as opposed to white oak quite large, solitary and thick-walled/
#148. <File names>/
#149. <Illustrations>/
The interactive key allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting specified attributes, summaries of attributes within groups of taxa, and geographical distribution.
Cite this publication as: ‘Richter, H.G., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2000 onwards. Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. In English, French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish. Version: 9th April 2019. delta-intkey.com’.