|
| Insects of Britain and Ireland: the genus Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera-Gracillariidae) |
#1. <Synonyms:>/
~ (‘alternatively’) is here used to indicate ‘sometimes not unreasonably included in or reduced to’.
#2. Associated with <trees, shrubs or herbs>/
1. trees/
2. shrubs/
3. herbs/
Collections of leaf miners should routinely include reliably identified samples of the mined plant material from which the adults were obtained.
#3. On <plant families>/
1. Aceraceae/
2. Betulaceae/
3. Caprifoliaceae/
4. Carpinaceae/
5. Corylaceae/
6. Dipsacaceae/
7. Ericaceae/
8. Fagaceae/
9. Leguminosae/
10. Platanaceae/
11. Rosaceae/
12. Salicaceae/
13. Ulmaceae/
14. Viburnaceae/
#4. On <plant genera and species; see Notes>/
1. Acer campestre/
2. Acer platanoides/
3. Acer pseudoplatanus/
4. Betula spp./
5. Alnus/
6. Leycesteria/
7. Lonicera/
8. Symphoricarpos/
9. Carpinus/
10. Corylus/
11. Scabiosa columbaria/
12. Vaccinium/
13. Castanea sativa/
14. Fagus sylvatica/
15. native (deciduous) Quercus/
16. Quercus ilex (evergreen)/
17. Cytisus/
18. Genista/
19. Ononis/
20. Ulex/
21. Lathyrus/
22. Trifolium/
23. Vicia/
24. Platanus/
25. Crataegus/
26. Cydonia/
27. Malus/
28. Mespilus/
29. Prunus /
30. Pyracantha/
31. Sorbus/
32. Pyrus/
33. Salix /
34. Populus /
35. Ulmus/
36. Viburnum/
Collections of leaf miners should routinely include reliably identified samples of the mined plant material from which the adults were obtained.
This character will usually be a reliable separator with which to commence an identification, because the species of Phyllonorycter exhibit taxonomically very restricted host-ranges. However, it seems likely that the available lists of occasional hosts will be incomplete, especially regarding close relatives of the plants listed. If an identification involving use of this character breaks down, therefore, use of the host families character (or even the plant habit character) should be substituted, before assuming that the specimen may represent a species not included this data set.
#5. The larvae mining <locations>/
1. in leaves/
2. in shoots/
3. under green bark/
Collections of leaf miners should routinely include reliably identified samples of the mined plant material from which the adults were obtained.
#6. <Mines in leaves, whether in the upper- or under-sides>/
1. in the under-side <mesophyll>/
2. in the upper-side <palisade, if differentiated>/
Collections of leaf miners should routinely include reliably identified samples of the mined plant material from which the adults were obtained.
#7. <Larvae> found in <months when larvae may be found>/
1. January/
2. February/
3. March/
4. April/
5. May/
6. June/
7. July/
8. August/
9. September/
10. October/
11. November/
12. December/
#8. The larva <whether cocoon-forming>/
1. pupating in a morphologically distinct cocoon/
2. not constructing a definite cocoon/
#9. The pupal cremaster <number of processes>/
1. with one pair of hooked processes/
2. with two pairs of hooked processes/
#10. The two pairs of cremastal processes <relative sizes>/
1. more or less equal in length/
2. very unequal in length/
#11. The cremastal processes <shape>/
1. long and thin/
2. relatively short and basally broad/
#12. Antennae <colour>/
1. white to the base/
2. coloured <specify>/
#13. Face <colour>/
1. white/
2. silvery/
3. grey/
4. coloured <specify>/
#14. Head <colour>/
1. white/
2. yellow/
3. orange/
4. ochreous/
5. brown/
6. fuscous/
7. black/
#15. Collar <colour>/
#16. Thorax <colour>/
1. white/
2. yellow/
3. orange/
4. ochreous/
5. brown/
6. fuscous/
#17. Thorax <whether metallic>/
1. shining-metallic/
2. not shining-metallic /
#18. Thorax <shining metallic, colour>/
1. brassy/
2. silvery or leaden/
#19. Thorax <whether with a median pale streak>/
1. with a conspicuous median pale streak/
2. without a <conspicuous> median pale streak <implicit>/
#20. Wing-span <centre thorax to wing apex, X 2>/
mm/
#21. Forewings <ground colour, attempt at detailed breakdown>/
1. white/
2. whitish/
3. ochreous/
4. golden ochreous/
5. reddish ochreous/
6. fuscous orange/
7. ochreous orange/
8. golden orange/
9. brownish orange/
10. golden brown/
11. brassy brown/
12. brown/
13. fuscous/
#22. Forewings <ground colour, white or otherwise, excluding any fasciae>/
1. clear shining white <at least in the basal half> with coloured markings/
2. not clear shining white/
#23. Forewings <white, whether exhibiting dark transverse fasciae>/
1. exhibiting conspicuous transverse dark (black-edged, ochreous) fasciae/
2. lacking dark transverse fasciae/
#24. Forewings <whether with an oblique fascia from the base of the costa>/
1. with a conspicuous, very oblique, golden brown and posteriorly fuscous-edged fascia from the base of the costa <P. roboris>/
2. lacking the oblique golden brown fascia from the base of the costa exhibited by P. roboris/
#25. Forewings <whether suffused fuscous throughout>/
1. suffused throughout with fuscous/
2. not suffused throughout with fuscous <implicit>/
#26. Forewings <whether exhibiting a sharply defined londitudinal basal streak>/
1. with a well defined <median, longitudinal> basal streak/
2. without a basal streak/
#27. The basal streak <pale or fuscous>/
1. pale/
2. fuscous on the light background/
#28. The basal streak <shape>/
1. relatively long, slender and sinuate/
2. markedly bent/
3. <more or less> straight, neither markedly long and slender nor sinuate <implicit>/
#29. The basal streak <whether dark-edged above>/
1. dark-edged above/
2. not dark-edged above/
#30. Forewings <whether exhibiting pale, wedge-shaped strigulae>/
1. with well defined pale strigulae/
2. lacking well defined pale strigulae/
#31. <Pale> costal strigulae <number, coalescing with dorsal strigulae or not>/
#32. <Pale> costal strigulae <colour>/
1. white/
2. faintly pale yellow/
#33. The first <proximal, free> costal strigula <or “spot”, whether extending proximally>/
1. extended basipetally along the costa/
2. not basipetally extended along the costa/
#34. <Dark edging of fasciae and strigulae>/
1. the ground colour darkening gradually towards the inner edges of the pale fasciae and strigulae/
2. the fasciae and strigulae inwardly sharply dark-edged/
#35. The first <proximal, free> costal strigula <or “spot”, whether dark-margined>/
1. dark-margined posteriorly/
2. not dark-margined posteriorly/
#36. <Pale> dorsal strigulae <number, coalescing with costal strigulae or not>/
#37. Forewings <whether first costal and first or second dorsal strigulae form an acute angle, regardless of whether they coalesce to form a fascia>/
1. with the first costal strigula approaching a dorsal one at an acute angle/
2. with the first costal strigula not forming an acute angle with a dorsal one/
#40. The last fascia <of the white wing, whether angulated>/
1. angulated/
2. straight/
#41. The antemedian fascia <of the white wing, whether bluntly or acutely angulated>/
1. bluntly angulated/
2. acutely angulated/
#42. Forewings <number of costal spots beyond the second fascia>/
1. with two costal spots beyond the second fascia/
2. with three costal spots beyond the second fascia/
#43. Forewings <whether exhibiting conspicuous dark apical markings>/
1. with conspicuous dark apical marking <contrasting with the ground colour and fasciae>/
2. without conspicuous dark apical marks/
#44. Forewing apical marking <nature of dark apical marking>/
1. comprising a round blackish apical spot/
2. comprising an elongate blackish apical spot/
3. comprising a dark apical strigula <several times as long as wide>/
4. comprising a dark apical strigula <several times as long as wide> ending in a black spot/
5. comprising a dark apical strigula <several times as long as wide> surmounted by a white spot/
6. comprising a dark apical strigula <several times as long as wide> edged white above/
7. comprising a blackish, anteriorly white-edged apical spot/
8. comprising a black dot within a golden-brown apical spot/
#45. The forewing fringe <whether traversed by a dark line ('apical hook type 1 or type 3'>/
1. traversed towards the apex by a narrow, curved dark line/
2. not traversed by a dark line <implicit>/
#46. The forewing fringe <whether dark-lined>/
1. narrowly dark-lined along the bases of the cilia/
2. narrowly dark-lined along the tips of the apical cilia <immediately after the last costal strigula, constituting a ‘type 2 apical hook’>/
3. not dark-lined <implicit>/
#47. The forewing basal fringe line <location>/
1. complete/
2. confined to the apical region or fading dorsally/
3. interrupted/
#48. Hindwing cilia <colour>/
1. white/
2. fuscous/
#49. Posterior tarsi <spotting>/
1. with dark spots/
2. whitish, without dark spots/
#50. The left and right male genital valvae <lobing>/
1. with the bodies deeply lobed/
2. with entire bodies <not deeply lobed>/
The paired, lateral 'valvae' are presumed homologous with wings. In Phyllonorycter, they are critically variable among the species in shape and form, and regarding left and right members of pairs. Also, curiously, the 'costae' (q.v.) are often interpretable as being more or less detached from the bodies of the valvae, being then represented by distinct structures that also exhibit much variation in size and form.
In ventral views, the 'costa' of the valva appears as the uppermost (i.e. posterior) margin; and when the costa is interpreted as separate from its valva, the margin of the valva from which it is detached (the posterior margin in ventral views) is of necessity here referred to as 'costal-marginal'.
#51. The left and right male genital valvae <similarity>/
1. similar in size and form/
2. very dissimilar/
#52. The left male genital valva <whether spine-tipped>/
1. retrorsely tipped by a hooked spine/
2. tipped by a straight spine/
3. not spine-tipped/
#53. The left male genital valva <dorsal spines>/
1. with a single costal-marginal spine towards the apex/
2. with a single mid-costal marginal spine/
3. with a spine around the mid-costal margin and another near the apex/
4. without marginal spines <implicit>/
#54. The left and right male genital valvae <costae free or joined>/
1. having free costae/
2. without free costae/
#55. The left and right free costae <of the male genital valvae, detachment>/
1. <more or less> completely detached from the valvae/
2. arising near the bases of the valvae/
#56. The left and right free costae <of the male genital valvae, similarity>/
1. similar <in size and form>/
2. markedly different/
#57. The <male genital> aedeagus <form>/
1. long and relatively slender with a triangular barb towards the apex/
2. short and relatively stumpy, not barbed/
#58. The female genitalia <presence of a signum>/
1. exhibiting a signum on the bursa copulatrix/
2. with no signum/
The 'signum' of female genitalia refers to sclerotised spines and plates on the bursa copulatrix. The illustrations and text of Pierce and Metcalfe (1935) are the only source of comparative data quoted here.
#59. Adults abroad <months when living adults may be found>/
1. January/
2. February/
3. March/
4. April/
5. May/
6. June/
7. July/
8. August/
9. September/
10. October/
11. November/
12. December/
#60. <General comments:>/
#61. Abbreviated taxon name:/
#62. <Illustrations>/
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2003 onwards. Insects of Britain and Ireland: the genus Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera-Gracillariidae) Version: 14th April 2022. delta-intkey.com’.