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| Insects of Britain and Ireland: the families of Lepidoptera |
Torticidae-Tortricinae; currently including tribes Archipini, Cnephasiini, Sparganothini and Tortricini, also subfamily Chlidanotinae
Adults relatively medium-bodied to long-bodied; medium built (wingspan more than 8 and less than 15 times the thoracic width); with fully developed wings (usually), or wingless, or with vestigial wings (exemplified by the females of Exapate congelatella with reduced forewings and no hindwings); wings in repose packed with the forewings directed backwards to cover hindwings and abdomen.
Head rough (-scaled). Antennae very short to of medium length; extending to about 0.4–0.7 times the length of the forewing (less than 2/3); not clubbed. Antennae of males bipectinate (sometimes), or simple (mostly); usually simply-ciliate. The antennal scape not forming an ‘eye cap’. The antennal segments each with one or two rings of scales. Eyes glabrous. Ocelli present (usually). Chaetosemata present. Maxillary palps much reduced (small); 2–4 segmented. Labial palps porrect (usually), or ascending (rarely); 3 segmented. Proboscis fully developed; not scaly.
Wingspan 11–28 mm; 12–14 times the thoracic width. Forewings narrow to broad; 1.9–2.6 times as long as wide; the outer margin convexly curved, or sigmoid-curved; apically blunt; predominantly shining-metallic, or exhibiting shining-metallic markings, or neither shining-metallic nor with shining metallic markings; without eye-spots above. Hindwings ovate to broadly rounded; quite markedly narrower than the forewings. Hindwing width 1.1–1.2 times that of the forewings. Hindwings with a rounded apex; the upper surfaces plain; with neither discal spot nor transverse lines; with a frenulum.
Neuration of forewings and hindwings dissimilar. Forewings 12 veined, or 13 veined; with 1 anal vein (?), or with 2 anal veins (supposedly). The anal veins of the forewings if two are really represented, comprising 1b and 1c, or representing 1b only (?). Forewings exhibiting a tubular vein 1c (this is obsolete proximally, according to both Meyrick and Common, although none of the former’s figures show this vein at all). Vein 1b of the forewings furcate proximally. The transverse vein complete, or incomplete. Forewings with an accessory cell, or without an accessory cell. Discal cell of the forewings containing a tubular media (M) vein, or without a tubular media (M) vein. Vein 2 of the forewings departing from the cell less than three-quarters of the distance from its base. Hindwings 9 veined, or 10 veined; with 3 anal veins. The anal veins of the hindwings comprising 1a, 1b and 1c. Hindwings exhibiting vein 1a; exhibiting a tubular vein 1c. Vein 1b of the hindwings furcate proximally. The transverse vein complete. The hindwing cell without a cubital pecten of hairs; emitting more than six veins, or emitting no more than six veins. 5 veins arising from the hindwing cell (when vein 4 lacking, e.g. in Tortricodes), or 6 veins arising from the hindwing cell (usually), or 7 veins arising from the hindwing cell (when vein 8 involved, e.g. in T. viridana). The cell-derived hindwing veins all arising independently of one another, or 6+7 proximally joined (these then connate or stalked). Vein 8 of the hindwings completely independent of the cell (mostly), or anastomosing with the upper margin of the cell (then in the basal half, but mostly only approximating); not approximating to vein 7.
Fore-legs with a tibial epiphysis. Tibiae of middle legs 2-spurred. Posterior tibiae 4-spurred.
Eggs, larvae and pupae. Eggs markedly flattened; smooth or minutely pitted to ribbed and/or reticulate. Larval prolegs 10. Larvae concealed feeders (often sheltering in folded or rolled leaves of the food plant, hence the common name ‘Leaf-rollers’.); subterranean, or not subterranean. Associated with divers Dicot trees, shrubs and herbs, also Taxus and a few Monocots, seemingly very rarely if ever with Gramineae.
Pupae concealed; usually above the ground (where the larvae fed). Empty pupae protruded from place of concealment.
British representation. Genera 39 (3 adventive only); about 100 species (7 adventive). Acleris cristana (Rufous-margined Button Moth), Acleris literana (Sprinkled Rough-wing), Acleris variegana (Garden Rose Tortrix), Eana penzeana (Pentz's Tortrix or Shade), Philedonides lunana (Walker's Lanark Tortrix), Tortrix viridana (Green Oak Tortrix), etc.
Classification. Microlepidoptera. Suborder Ditrysia. Superfamily Tortricoidea.
See the description of Cochylidae for remarks on the upper-level classification and confusing nomenclature of Tortricoidea.
Comments. Antennae usually with two rings of scales per flagellar segment. Female genitalia with the sterigma connected with the ventral arms of the anterior apophyses except in the Cnephasiini. Fore-wings usually with an oblique central fascia, usually with a pre-apical costal patch, and without an ocellus. Pheromones generally based on either a 14-carbon chain or (Cnephasiini) a 12-carbon one..
Illustrations. • Acleris, Archips, Croesa, Eana, Pandemis: Wilkinson. 1, Pandemis dumetana (male); 2, Croesa (= Acleris) forskkaleana (male); 3, Archips podana (male); 4, Acleris kochiella (male); 5, Acleris hastiana (male); 6, Eana penziana bellana (male); 7, Eana incanana (female). From Wilkinson, 1859 (scales = approx. 1cm). • Acleris, Eana, Exapate, Lozotaenia, Olindia, Pandemis (Stainton). TORTRICIDAE sensu stricto. 1, Lozotaenia forsterana; 2, Eana penziana; 3, Olindia schumacherana; 4, Pandemis corylana; 5, Exapate congelatella; 6, Acleris cristana; 7, Acleris variegana. From Stainton (1859, with approximate 1cm scale added). • Acleris, Tortrix, Choristoneura: Kirby 54 and 55. 3, Acleris emargana; 34, Tortrix viridana; 35, Choristoneura hebenstreitella. From Kirby (1907). • Acleris emargana (Iron Notchwing): B. Ent. 699. • Acleris emargana: B. Ent. 699, legend+text. • Acleris emargana: B. Ent. 699, text cont.. • Acleris emargana: Stephens IV, 1834. • Acleris (Peronea) literana (Sprinkled Rough-wing: B. Ent. 440). • Acleris (Peronea) literana : B. Ent. 440, legend+text. • Acleris (Peronea) literana : B. Ent. 440, text cont.. • Acleris (Peronea) cristana (Rufous-margined Button Moth: B. Ent. 16). • Acleris (Peronea) cristana: B. Ent. 16, legend+text. • Acleris (Peronea) cristana: B. Ent. 16, text cont.. • Acleris hastiana: Stephens IV, 1834. • Acleris cristana: Stephens IV, 1834. • Acleris schalleriana: Stephens IV, 1834. • Aphelia viburnana (Sweet Gale Tortrix): B. Ent. 763. • Aphelia viburnana: B. Ent. 763, legend+text. • Aphelia viburnana: B. Ent. 763, text cont.. • Eana penzeana (Pentz's Tortrix: B. Ent. 100). • Eana penzeana: B. Ent. 100, legend+text. • Eana penzeana: B. Ent. 100, text cont.. • Olindia schumacherana (Chlidanotinae): B. Ent. 711. • Olindia schumacherana: B. Ent. 711, legend+text. • Olindia schumacherana: B. Ent. 711, text cont.. • Tortricinae-Archipini (Hübner 1796). TORTRICINAE-ARCHIPINI. 112, Archips oporanus (oporana); 113, Choristoneura hebenstreitella (sorbiana Hübner); 114, ribeana Hübner, = Pandemis cerasana (Hübner); 115, Pandemis cf. corylana (textana Hübner); 116, Pandemis cf. heparana (carpiniana Hübner); 117, Archips rosana (oxycanthana Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Archipini (Hübner 1796–1830). TORTRICINAE-ARCHIPINI. 67, Ptycholoma lecheanum (lecheana). 72, cf. Archips oporanus (piceana). 251, Choristoneura diversana (Hübner). 255, Capua vulgana (favillaceana Hübner). 263, Clepsis senecionana (Hübner); 264, Archips xylosteana. 268, GBIF Aneuxanthis locupletana Hübner. 271, Adoxophyes orana (reticulana Hübner). 301, helvolana Frölich, = Clepsis senecionana (Hübner); 302, rosana = ? (cf. Archips rosana L., see also Figs. 117 and 118); 303, viduana Frölich, cf. Choristoneura diversana (Hübner). 310 and 311, Dichelia histrionana (Frölich). 315, cf. Clepsis spectrana (posticana). 317, GBIF Clepsis chrysitana (Frölich) = ? (try C. steineriana Hübner, i.e. the missing Fig. 170). 332 and 333, ambustana Frölich in Geyer and Hübner, = Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Archipini (Hübner 1796–1799). TORTRICINAE-ARCHIPINI. 102, Capua vulgana (rusticana Hübner). 105, Choristoneura murinana (Hübner). 107, Archips crataegana (Hübner); 108, Philedone gerningana (pectinana Hübner). 118, Archips rosana (acerana Hübner); 119, Pandemis cerasana (Hübner); 120, Pandemis croceana (Hübner), = ? (cf. Clepsis). 121, Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner). 123, Aphelia unitana (Hübner). 124, cf. Archips oporanus (pyrastrana Hübner). 125, cf. Archips xylosteana (characterana Hübner). 128, cf. Argyrotaenia pulchellana, rather than Eudemis profundana (sylvana Hübner). 131, Paramesia gnomana. 133, cf. Epagoge grotiana ("flavana Hübner" seems to refer to two species: see Figs. 157 and 258); 134, Aphelia ochreana (Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Archipini (Hübner 1796–1824). TORTRICINAE-ARCHIPINI. 141, Clepsis pallidana (strigana Hübner). 154, Archips xylosteana. 157, cf. Aphelia paleana ("flavana Hübner" seems to refer to two species: see Figs. 133 and 258). 168, lienana Hübner , cf. Syndemis musculana (Hübner). 170, Clepsis steineriana (Hübner); 174, Clepsis rolandriana. 295, Archips oporanus (congenerana). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Cnephasiini (Hübner 1796–1813). TORTRICINAE-CNEPHASIINI. 99, Cnephasia pasiuana (Hübner). 111, Neosphaleroptera nubilana (Hübner). 225 and 226, Eana argentana (magnana Hübner); 227 and 228, Eana osseana (pratana Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Cnephasiini (Hübner 1813–1830). TORTRICINAE-CNEPHASIINI. 85, Eana penziana; 86, Eana argentana. 150, Pseudargyrotoza conwagana (hofmannseggana Hübner).200, female Cnephasia longana (lutosana Hübner). 266, cf. Exapate congelatella, male and apterous female (gelatana Hübner); 267, Tortricodes alternella (hymenana Hübner). 327, Xerocnephasia horridana Frölich in Geyer and Hübner, cf. X. rigana; 328 and 329, Sphaleroptera alpicolana Frölich. Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Olindia and Isotrias (Chlidanotinae): Hubner, 1814–1823. TORTRICIDAE/CHLIDANOTINAE. 238, Isotrias hybridana (Hübner), cf. I. rectifasciana. 278, Olindia schumacherana (ulmana Hübner); 279, Olindia areolana Hübner (cf. schumacherana). From Hübner VII, plates 38 and 45, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Philedonides lunana (Walker's Lanark Tortrix: B. Ent. 209). • Philedonides lunana (detail+dissections: B. Ent. 209). • Philedonides lunana: legend+text: B. Ent. 209. • Philedonides lunana: text, cont.: B. Ent. 209. • Tortricinae-Sparganothini: Sparganothis pilleriana (Hübner VII, 1796–1799). TORTRICINAE-SPARGANOTHINI. 136 and 172, Sparganothis pilleriana (luteolana Hübner). Compiled from Hübner VII, plates 21 and 27, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Tortricini: 10 Acleris spp. and Aleimma loeflingiana (Hübner VII, 1796–1799). TORTRICINAE-TORTRICINI. 39, Acleris (Croesia) holmiana; 50, Acleris hastiana (tristana Hübner). 54 and 190, Aleimma loeflingiana (as plumbana Hübner and ectypana Hübner, respectively). 55, Acleris cristana; 56, Acleris ferugana; 58, Acleris scabrana; 59, Acleris umbrana (Hübner); 61, Acleris hastiana (byringerana Hübner); 62, probably Acleris sparsana (favillaceana Hübner); 63, Acleris cochiella (cerusana Hübner); 64, Acleris logiana. Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Tortricini: forms of Acleris literana (Hübner VII, 1796–1799). TORTRICINAE-TORTRICINI. 88–91, Acleris literana; 92–95, Acleris literana (squamulana Hübner); 96 and 97, Acleris literana (irrorana Hübner). Compiled from Hübner VII, plate 15, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Tortricini: 9 Acleris spp. (Hübner VII, 1796–1817). TORTRICINAE-TORTRICINI. 100, Acleris logiana (treueriana Hübner); Acleris roseidana (Hübner); 104, Acleris roscidana (nebulana Hübner); 127, cf. Acleris rufana; 129, Acleris notana (tripunctana Hübner); 169, Acleris scabrana; 171, Acleris rhombana (ciliana Hübner); 173, Acleris rhombana; 240, Acleris variegana (nyctemerana Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Tortricini: 9 Acleris spp. (Hübner VII, 1796–1817). TORTRICINAE-TORTRICINI. 198, Acleris hastiana (divisana Hübner); 215, Acleris hyemana (mixtana Hübner); 216, Acleris hastiana (buringerana Hübner); 217, cf. Acleris schalleriana (logiana); 232, Acleris emargana (caudana); 233, Acleris emargana; 234, Acleris hastiana (combustana Hübner); 235, Acleris hastiana (aquilana); 247, Acleris hastiana (autumnana Hübner). Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Tortricini: 7 Acleris spp. (Hübner VII, 1796–1799). TORTRICINAE-TORTRICINI. 83, Acleris tristana (sericana Hübner); 87, Acleris rufana (apiciana Hübner); 175, Acleris emargana emargana (effractana Hübner); 176, Acleris cristana; 177, Acleris hastiana (radiana Hübner); 178, Acleris rufana; 180, Acleris lipsiana. Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortricinae-Tortricini: 11 Acleris spp., Croesia (Acleris) bergmanniana, Tortrix viridana (Hübner VII, 1796–1833). TORTRICINAE-TORTRICINI. 137, Acleris bergmanniana (rosana); 142, Acleris rhombana (contaminana Hübner); 143, Acleris forsskaleana (forskoleana). 156, Tortrix viridana. 284, Acleris latifasciana (comparana Hübner). 288–289, cf. Acleris schalleriana Linnaeus. 334, opacana Hübner, = Acleris abietana (Hübner); 335, Acleris hastiana (mayrana Hübner). 340, Croesia (Acleris) bergmanniana. Compiled from plates of Hübner VII, with names updated; see accompanying document for details. • Tortrix viridana: neuration. • Acleris variegana: neuration. • Tortricodes alternella: neuration.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2003 onwards. Insects of Britain and Ireland: the families of Lepidoptera. Version: 14th April 2022. delta-intkey.com’.
