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| Insects of Britain and Ireland: the families of Lepidoptera |
Caradrinidae; including Hylophilidae, Plusiadae. Excluding Arctiidae.
Adults crepuscular and nocturnal (mostly), or diurnal (e.g., many Plusiinae); relatively medium-bodied to long-bodied (nearly always distinctly long-bodied, with a few exceptions in the smaller tribes); medium built (wingspan more than 8 and less than 15 times the thoracic width) to heavily built (wingspan less than 8 times the thoracic width). The abdomen plain (very consistently, though sometimes with a dorsal crest of darker hairs on the anterior segments). Adults wings in repose packed with the forewings directed backwards to cover hindwings and abdomen.
Antennae of medium length; extending to about 0.5–0.6–0.8 times the length of the forewing. Antennae of males bipectinate, or dentate, or simple; non-ciliate, or simply-ciliate, or fasciculate-ciliate. Eyes neither notched nor emarginate, and clearly separated from the bases of the antennal sockets; hairy, or glabrous. Ocelli present. Chaetosemata absent. Mandibles not developed. Maxillary palps much reduced; 1 segmented. Labial palps well developed; porrect, or ascending; 3 segmented. Proboscis fully developed (nearly always), or absent (rarely); when developed, i.e. usually, not scaly.
Wingspan (14–)20–60(–106) mm; 6–8.5(–10) times the thoracic width, or 10–13 times the thoracic width (with nearly all the relatively narrow-bodied species representing Hypeninae). Forewings narrow to broad; (1.6–)2–2.8 times as long as wide (being relatively narrow in the large tribes with ‘trifid’ hindwing neuration, but sometimes broader in those where it is ‘quadrifid’). The outer and hind margins angled at 95–120 degrees. The outer margin convexly curved (nearly always), or sigmoid-curved (somewhat, occasionally), or angulated (e.g., in S. libatrix, P. meticulosa); forewings predominantly shining-metallic, or exhibiting shining-metallic markings, or neither shining-metallic nor with shining metallic markings (the Plusiinae being typified by metallic effects); ground colour predominantly green (e.g., Chloephorinae, some Acronictinae), or light brown, or dark brown, or orange-brown, or coppery red, or black, or grey (most commonly dingy grey-brown (“fuscous”), diverse in markings, but usually with clear orbicular and reniform marks); forewings without eye-spots above (in British species); forewings without a jugum. Hindwings broadly rounded; similar in breadth to the forewings to markedly broader than the forewings; with a rounded apex; the upper surfaces conspicuously patterned above (then most commonly in the form of a dark border to the sometimes brightly coloured wing), or plain (being more often no more than darkened distally); with a discal spot, or with a discal spot and with transverse lines (the second and/or subterminal lines sometimes detectable), or with neither discal spot nor transverse lines (the lines and discal mark often more or less ‘obsolete’); with a frenulum.
Neuration of forewings and hindwings dissimilar. Forewings nearly always 12 veined; with 1 anal vein (mostly), or with 2 anal veins. The anal veins of the forewings representing 1b only (mostly), or comprising 1a and 1b (with Meyrick showing a proximally strong but distally incomplete 1a in Pseudoips prasinana). Forewings lacking a tubular vein 1c (though this sometimes represented as a vestige). Vein 1b of the forewings furcate proximally to simple. Discal cell of the forewings without a tubular media (M) vein. Hindwings 8 veined (usually), or 9 veined; with 2 anal veins. The anal veins of the hindwings comprising 1a and 1b. Hindwings exhibiting vein 1a; lacking a tubular vein 1c. Vein 1b of the hindwings simple. The hindwing cell emitting more than six veins, or emitting no more than six veins. 6 veins arising from the hindwing cell (usually, including the anastomosed vein 8, with 5 usually missing or vestigial), or 7 veins arising from the hindwing cell (in the ‘quadrifid’ forms, where 5 is strong). The cell-derived hindwing veins 3+4 proximally joined, or 6+7 proximally joined, or 3+4 proximally joined and 6+7 proximally joined (3 and 4 can be connate or free, 6 and 7 are nearly always connate or stalked). Vein 8 of the hindwings anastomosing with the upper margin of the cell (from near its base to the middle); not approximating to vein 7.
Fore-legs with a tibial epiphysis. Tibiae of middle legs 2-spurred. Posterior tibiae 4-spurred; hairy, or not hairy.
Tympanal organs present; metathoracic.
Eggs, larvae and pupae. Eggs not flattened; ribbed and/or reticulate. Larval prolegs 6, or 8 (the Catocalinae and Plusiinae being semi-loopers, with the first 1–2 pairs reduced or lacking), or 10 (mostly). Larvae conspicuously, densely long-hairy (infrequently, e.g. Acronycta), or not densely long-hairy (usually); with urticating hairs (e.g., Acronycta), or without urticating hairs (mostly); without bristly spines; exposed feeders, or concealed feeders; subterranean (many root feeders), or not subterranean. On divers dicotyledonous herbs, trees and shrubs; many on Gramineae, and a few on Cyperaceae, Typha, Sparganium, and conifers.
Pupae smooth and rounded; plain; subterranean (commonly), or on the surface of the ground, or above the ground (some attaching cocoons to leaves, stems, etc.). Empty pupae not becoming protruded.
British representation. Genera about 90 (about 25 adventive); about 425 species (about 60 adventive). See the separate Noctuidae Intkey package for descriptions of all genera, and illustrations of nearly all the species.
Classification. Macromoths. Suborder Ditrysia. Superfamily Noctuoidea.
Comments. This family exhibits numerous examples of melanism, some apparently representing exclusively non-industrial rural melanism, and others representing drift to industrial melanism superimposed on the latter. Some of them are exemplified by the illustrations provided with this family description, and under the names Allophyes, Apamea, Mesapamea, Noctua and Olygia in the accompanying ‘Genera of Noctuidae’ package.
Illustrations. • Plusiinae: Autographa gamma (Silver Y), A. jota (Plain Golden Y), A. pulchrina (Beautiful Golden Y), Diachrysia chrysitis (Burnished Brass), Plusia festucae (Gold Spot) and Polychrysia moneta (Golden Plusia): photos. Figs. 1–2, Autographa gamma (Silver Y); 3–4, Autographa pulchrina (Beautiful Golden Y); 5–6, Autographa jota (Plain Golden Y); 7–8, Polychrysia moneta (Golden Plusia); 9–10, Diachrysia chrysitis (Burnished Brass); 11–12, Plusia festucae (Gold Spot).
1–2, Cheddleton near Leek, Staffs., Sept. 1952; 3–6 and 9–12, Cheddleton, July 1952. 7–8, Leek, July 1951. From Watson’s collection. • Noctuinae: Kirby. NOCTUINAE. : 8 and 20, Xestia ditrapezium (Triple-spotted Clay); 9, Noctua janthe (Lesser Broad-border); 10, "Hiria linogrisea", cf. Epiplecta; 11, Noctua fimbria (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing); 12, Graphiophora augur (Double Dart); 13, Spaelotis ravida (Stout Dart); 14, Noctua pronuba (Yellow Underwing); 15, Noctua orbona (Lunar Yellow Underwing); 16, Noctua comes (Lesser Yellow Underwing); 17, Xestia triangulum (Double Square Spot); 18, Xestia baja (Dotted Clay ); 19, Xestia c-nigrum (Setaceous Hebrew Character); 20, Xestia ditrapezium (Triple-spotted Clay); 21, Diarsia brunnea (Purple Clay); 22, Diarsia mendica (Ingrailed Clay); 23, Paradiarsia glareosa (Autumnal Rustic); 24, Chersotis multangula; 25, Chersotis cuprea; 26, Agrotis ocellina; 27, Ochropleura plectra (Flame Shoulder). From Kirby 34, with names updated. See the separate GENERA OF NOCTUIDAE data set for comprehensive illustrations of this family. • Assorted Noctuidae: Humphreys. 1 and 2, Noctua pronuba (Large Yellow Underwing, and larva); 3 and 4, Noctua fimbriata (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing, and larva); 5, Thalophila matura (Straw Underwing); 6, Xestia xanthographa (Square-spot Rustic); 7, Rusina ferruginea (Brown Rustic); 8, Xestia sexstrigata (Six-striped Rustic); 9, Cerapteryx graminis (The Antler Moth); 10, Aporophyla nigra (Black Rustic). From Humphreys (1860, Plate XIV). • Assorted Noctuidae-Catocalinae: Humphreys. 1 and 2, Mormo maura (Old Lady, and larva); 3 and 4, Catocala fraxini (Clifden Nonpareil, and larva); 5, Catocala nupta (Red Underwing); 6, larva of Catocala sponsa (Dark Crimson Underwing); 9, Euclidia glyphica (Burnet Companion); 10 and 11, Callistege mi (Mother Shipton, and larva). 7 and 8, Archiearis parthenias (Orange Underwing, and larva: Geometridae). From Humphreys (1860, Plate XXX). • Wainscots (Noctuidae-Hadeninae: Newman). MYTHIMNA: 438, Mythimna conigera (Brown-line Bright-eye); 439, M. vitellina (The Delicate); 440, M. turca (The Double-line); 441, M. ferrago (The Clay); 442, M. unipuncta (American Wainscot); 443, M. obsoleta (Obscure Wainscot); 444, M. loreyi (The Cosmopolitan); 445, M. litoralis (Shore Wainscot); 446, M. pudorina (Striped Wainscot); 447, M. comma (Shoulder-striped Wainscot); 448, M. putrescens (Devonshire Wainscot); 449, M. straminea (Southern Wainscot); 450, M. impura impura (Smoky Wainscot); 451, M. pallens (Common Wainscot). SENTA: 452(a) and (b), Senta flammea (Flame Wainscot). From Newman (1867). • Herminiinae, Hypeninae and Rivulinae (Snout, Fan-foot, etc.. NOCTUIDAE-RIVULINAE. 1. Colobochyla salicalis (Lesser Belle). 9, Rivula sericealis(Straw Dot). HYPENINAE. 2, Hypena proboscidalis (Snout); 3, Hypena rostralis (Buttoned Snout); 4, Hypena crassalis (Beautiful Snout. 4, Schrankia taenialis (White-line Snout); 6, Schrankia costaestrigalis (Pinion-streaked Snout). 7, Hypenodes humidalis (Marsh Oblique-barred). HERMINIINAE. 8, Trisateles emortualis (Olive Crescent). 10, Paracolax tristalis (Clay Fan-foot). 11, Polypogon (Pechipogo) strigulata (Common Fan-foot). 12, Polypogon (Zanclognatha) tarsipennalis (The Fan-foot). Leech, 1886. • Ophiderinae and Hypeninae: Kirby 44. OPHIDERINAE. 1, Laspeyria flexula (Beautiful Hook-tip); 2, Parascotia fuliginaria (Waved Black); 5, Colobochyla salicalis (Lesser Belle). HYPENINAE. 3, Herminia grisealis (Small Fan-foot); 4, Herminia tarsicrinalis (Fan-foot); 6, Polypogon tentacularia; 7, Pechipogo strigilata (Common Fan-foot); 8, Hypena crassalis (Beautiful Snout); 9, Hypena proboscidalis (Snout); 10, Hypena obesalis (Paignton Snout). From Kirby. • Ophiderinae and Catocalinae: Kirby. OPHIDERINAE. 1. Catephia alchymista (The Alchymist); 11 and 12, Lygephila pastinum (The Blackneck); 13, Lygephila craccae (Scarce Blackneck). CATOCALINAE. 2. Catocala fraxinae (Clifden Nonpareil); 4, Catocala nupta (Red Underwing); 5, Catocala sponsa (Dark Crimson Underwing); 6, Catocala promissa (Light Crimson Underwing); 7, Catocala electa (Rosy Underwing). From Kirby 43. • Noctuidae-Acronictinae: Newman. 1, Moma alpium (Scarce Merveille-du-jour); 2, Acronicta megacephala (Poplar Grey); 3, Acronicta aceris (The Sycamore: 1b representing a dark var.); 4, Acronicta leporina (The Miller); 5, Acronicta alni (The Alder); 6, Acronicta tridens (Dark Dagger, 6a representing the typical form); 7, Acronicta psi (Grey Dagger); 8, Acronicta strigosa (Marsh Dagger); 9, Acronicata menyanthidis (Light Knot-Grass, a and b representing the typical form); 10, Acronicta auricoma (Scarce Dagger); 11, Acronicta euphorbiae myricae (Sweet Gale Moth); 12, Acronicta rumicis (The Knot-Grass); 13, Simyra albovenosa (Powdered Wainscot); 14, Craniophora ligustri (The Coronet); 15, Cryphia algae (Tree-lichen Beauty); 16, Cryphia domestica (Marbled beauty); 17, Cryphia muralis (Marbled Green). From Newman (1869). • Hadeninae: Panolis flammea (Pine-destroying Noctua, Pine Beauty. B. Ent. 117). • Panolis flammea: B. Ent. 117, legend+text. • Panolis flammea: B. Ent. 117, text cont.. • Acronictinae: Acronicta rumicis (Knot-grass: B. Ent. 136). • Acronicta rumicis: (B. Ent. 136, legend+text. • Acronicta rumicis: B. Ent. 136, text cont.. • Acronictinae: Moma alpium (Scarce Merveille-du-jour: B. Ent. 404). • Moma alpium: B. Ent. 404, legend+text). • Moma alpium: B. Ent. 404, legend+text). • Noctuinae: Agrotis cinerea (Light Feathered Rustic: B. Ent. 165). • Noctuinae: Agrotis cinerea: B. Ent. 165, legend+text. • Noctuinae: Agrotis cinerea: B. Ent. 165, text cont.. • Noctuinae: Actebia praecox (Portland Moth, Portland Dart: B. Ent. 539). • Actebia praecox: B. Ent. 539, legend+text. • Actebia praecox: B. Ent. 539, text cont.. • Noctuinae: Eurois occulta (Great Brocade: B. Ent. 248). • Eurois occulta: B. Ent. 248, legend+text. • Eurois occulta: B. Ent. 248, text cont.. • Noctuinae: Noctua comes ab. curtisii (Bute Yellow Underwing, Lesser Yellow Underwing variety: B. Ent. 348). • Noctuinae: Noctua comes ab. curtisii: B. Ent. 348. legend+text. • Noctuinae: Noctua comes ab. curtisii: B. Ent. 348. text cont.. • Hadeninae: Anarta myrtilli (Beautiful Yellow Underwing: B. Ent. 145). • Anarta myrtilli: B. Ent. 145, legend+text. • Anarta myrtilli: B. Ent. 145, text cont.. • Hadeninae: Mythimna litoralis (Curtis): Shore Wainscot: B. Ent. 157. • Mythimna litoralis (B. Ent. 157, legend+text). • Mythimna litoralis (B. Ent. 157, text cont.). • Hadeninae: Cerapteryx graminis Linn. ab. hibernicus Curtis (Original generic description. Antler: B. Ent. 451). • Cerapteryx graminis Linn. ab. hibernicus Curtis (B. Ent. 451, legend+text). • Cerapteryx graminis Linn. ab. hibernicus Curtis (B. Ent. 451, text cont.). • Hadeninae: Hadena rivularis (Campion: B. Ent. 308). • Hadeninae: Hadena rivularis: B. Ent. 308, legend+text. • Hadeninae: Hadena rivularis: B. Ent. 308, text cont.. • Hadeninae: Mythimna flammea (Curtis): Flame Wainscot: B. Ent. 201. • Mythimna flammea: B. Ent. 201, legend+text. • Mythimna flammea: B. Ent. 201, text cont.. • Cuculliinae: Cucullia asteris (Star-wort Shark: B. Ent. 45). • Cucullia asteris: B. Ent. 45, legend. • Cuculliinae: Celaena haworthii (Curtis): Haworth's Minor: B. Ent. 260. • Celaena haworthii (B. Ent. 260, legend+text). • Celaena haworthii (B. Ent. 260, text cont.). • Cuculliinae: Hydraecia micacea (Rosy Rustic, Rosy Ear: B. Ent. 252). • Hydraecia micacea: B. Ent. 252, legend+text. • Hydraecia micacea: B. Ent. 252, text cont.. • Cuculliinae: Meganephria bimaculosa (Double-spot Brocade: B. Ent. 177). • Meganephria bimaculosa: B. Ent. 177, legend+text. • Meganephria bimaculosa: B. Ent. 177, text cont.. • Cuculliinae: Omphaloscelis lunosa (Lunar Underwing: B. Ent. 237). • Omphaloscelis lunosa: B. Ent. 237, legend+text. • Omphaloscelis lunosa: B. Ent. 237, text cont.. • Cuculliinae: Trachea atriplicis (Orache, Orache Brocade: B. Ent. 431). • Trachea atriplicis: B. Ent. 431, legend+text. • Trachea atriplicis: B. Ent. 431, text cont.. • Cuculliinae: Atethmia centrago (Centre-barred Sallow: B. Ent. 84). • Atethmia centrago: B. Ent. 84, legend. • Cuculliinae: Xylena exsoleta (Large Sword-Grass, Cloudy Sword-grass: B. Ent. 256). • Cuculliinae: Conistra ligula ab. subnigra (Dark Chestnut: B. Ent. 268). • Conistra ligula ab. subnigra: B. Ent. 268, legend+text. • Conistra ligula ab. subnigra: B. Ent. 268, text cont.. • Heliothidinae: Periphanes delphinii (Pease-blossom: B. Ent. 76). • Periphanes delphinii: B. Ent. 76, legend. • Catocalinae: Catocala nupta (Red Underwing: B. Ent. 217). • Catocalinae: Catocala nupta: B. Ent. 217, legend+text. • Catocalinae: Catocala nupta: B. Ent. 217, text cont.. • Acontiinae: Acontia nitidula (Brixton Beauty Moth: alien, B. Ent. 276). • Acontia nitidula: B. Ent. 276, legend+text. • Acontia nitidula: B. Ent. 276, text cont.). • Acontiinae: Protodeltote pygarga (Marbled White-spot: B. Ent. 356). • Protodeltote pygarga: B. Ent. 356, legend+text. • Protodeltote pygarga: B. Ent. 356, text cont.. • Acontiinae: Eublemma ostrina (Purple Marbled: B. Ent. 140). • Eublemma ostrina: B. Ent. 140, legend+text. • Eublemma ostrina: B. Ent. 140, text cont.. • Ophiderinae: Lygephila pastinum (Black-neck: B. Ent. 475). • Lygephila pastinum: B. Ent. 475, legend+text. • Lygephila pastinum: B. Ent. 475, text cont.. • Hypeninae: Hypena crassalis (Beautiful Snout: B. Ent. 288). • Hypeninae: Hypena crassalis: B. Ent. 288, legend+text. • Hypeninae: Hypena crassalis: B. Ent. 288, text cont.. • Hypeninae: Macrochilo cribrumalis (Dotted Fan-foot: B. Ent. 527). • Macrochilo cribrumalis: B. Ent. 527, legend+text. • Macrochilo cribrumalis: B. Ent. 527, text cont.. • Chloephorinae: Bena bicolorana (Scarce Silver Lines: B. Ent. 575). • Bena bicolorana: B. Ent. 575, legend+text. • Bena bicolorana: B. Ent. 575, text cont.. • B. bicolorana (Scarce Silver-lines) and other Chloephorinae: Kirby. 21, Earias clorana (Cream-bordered Pea); 22, Pseudoips prasinana prasinana (Green Silver-lines); 23a-c, Bena bicolorana (Scarce Silver-lines). From Kirby 22. • Pseudoips prasinana: B. Ent. 575, text cont.. • Sarrothripinae: Nycteola revayana var. ramosana (Oak Nycteoline: B. Ent. 29). • Nycteola revayana var. ramosana: B. Ent. 29, legend+text. • Nycteola revayana var. ramosana: B. Ent. 29, text cont.. • Allophyes oxyacanthae, light and melanic (photos). 5–6, Green-Brindled Crescent, (Allophyes oxyacanthae), photos.
Specimens collected at light in 1951 in mixed deciduous woodland near Leek, N. Staffs. Melanic and “normal” individuals were both common, in habitats ostensibly "rural", but about 10 and 30 miles miles from the heavily industrial regions of Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester, respectively. The species is thought to exemplify “industrial melanism” superimposed on pre-existing “rural melanism”. From Watson’s collection. • Apamea monoglypha and A. crenata: light and melanic (photos). 1–2, Dark Arches (Apamea monoglypha); 3–4, Clouded-bordered Brindle (Apamea crenata).
Specimens attracted to light in mixed deciduous woodland and urban habitats near Leek, N. Staffs. Light and melanic individuals of both species were abundant in the decade 1948–1958, in habitats ostensibly "rural", but about 10 and 30 miles miles from the heavily industrial regions of Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester, respectively. Both species seem to reflect drift from pre-existing “rural melanism” to “industrial melanism” in polluted environments. From Watson’s collection (1953). • Mesapamea secalis (Common Rustic, light and melanic: photos). Mesapamea secalis (Common Rustic), normal and melanic examples. The species exhibits relatively infrequent rural (non-industrial) melanism in natural habitats, seemingly with increased proportions of melanics in industrialised regions. Light and dark forms were encountered with about equal frequency around Leek (N. Staffs., in seemingly rural habitats about 10 and 30 miles respectively from heavily industrialised Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester) in the decade 1949–1959, when these examples were collected.
From Watson's collection. • Polia nebulosa (Grey Arches, light and melanic: photos). Polia nebulosa (Grey Arches): Females (1 and 3) and males of light and melanic forms of a species exhibiting industrial melanism (cf. Ford, 1955). The two specimens of the latter (3 and 4) typify the material collected in the Leek district (N. Staffs.) during the decade 1948–1958, when the adult moths were mainly found at rest on walls of buildings during the day. Habitat rural, but within 10 and 30 miles respectively of heavily industrialised Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester.
1, Millbrook (June 1930, F. Boddington); 2, Folkestone, Kent (June 1908, R.A. Nichols); 3 and 4, Cheddleton near Leek, Staffs. (July 1949, L. Watson). From Watson's collection. • Light and melanic forms of Noctua pronuba and N. fimbriata, with N. janthe, N. comes and N. iterjecta (Yellow Underwings, photos). Figs. 1–4, Noctua pronuba (Large Yellow Underwing); 5–6, Noctua fimbriata (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing); 7, Noctua janthe (Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing); 8–9, Noctua comes (Lesser Yellow Underwing); 10, Noctua interjecta (Least Yellow Underwing).
Figs 1–6 probably exemplify a drift to “industrial melanism” in polluted environments N. pronuba, and perhaps in N. fimbriata, from pre-existing “rural melanism” of the apostatic kind.
Specimens: 1–9, Leek, Staffs., 1948–1958 (L. Watson); 10, Folkstone, Kent, 1908 (R.A. Nichols). From Watson's collection. • Light and melanic forms of Agrotis exclamationis (Heart and Dart: photos). Agrotis exclamationis (Heart and Dart), male (above) and female. The dark variants may represent rural (non-industrial) melanism, being commonly encountered in both males and females in "natural" as well as polluted habitats.
Leek, N. Staffs., 1952. From Watson’s collection. • Larvae: Acronicta megacephala, Acronicta rumicis (Duponchel, 1849). Noctuidae. 1, Acronicta megacephala (Poplar Grey). 2, Acronicta rumicis (Knot-grass). Duponchel and Guénée, 1849. • Larvae, pupa: Catocala electa, Catocala fraxini (Duponchel, 1849). Noctuidae. 1, Catocala fraxini (Clifden Nonpareil). 2, Catocala electa (Rosy Underwing). Duponchel and Guénée, 1849. • Larvae, pupae: Hadena albimacula, Hadena bicruris, Hadena confusa (Duponchel, 1849). Noctuidae. 1, Hadena bicruris (Lychnis). 2, Hadena confusa (Marbled Coronet). 3, Hadena albimacula (White Spot). Duponchel and Guénée, 1849. • Larvae, pupa: Noctua fimbriata, Noctua pronuba (Duponchel, 1849). Noctuidae. 1, Noctua pronuba (Large Yellow Underwing). 2, Noctua fimbriata (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing). Duponchel and Guénée, 1849. • Neuration: Hadeninae (Mamestra brassicae). • Neuration: Chloephorinae, Hypeninae, Ophiderinae.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2003 onwards. Insects of Britain and Ireland: the families of Lepidoptera. Version: 14th April 2022. delta-intkey.com’.
