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| Insects of Britain and Ireland: the families of Hymenoptera |
Including Eucoilidae
Gall Wasps.
Adults minute to small; 1–6 mm long. Insects associated with plant galls (mainly), or not associated with galls.
Head. Antennae geniculate, or not geniculate.
Thorax. Pronotum long, extending back to the tegulae (usually, at least the lateral spiracle cover lobe); not vertically grooved for reception of the fore femur. The spiracle cover lobe of the pronotum not margined with close fine hairs. Cenchri absent. Wings present, or absent. Fore-wings without a pterostigma; with very reduced venation; not combining greatly reduced venation with conspicuous stigmal vein; combining greatly reduced venation with a conspicuous radial cell. Closed fore-wing cells 2, or 3 (with a costal and the conspicuous radial). Discoidal cells 0, or 1. Hind femur with a clear trochantellus, or without a well defined trochantellus (?). Hind tibiae without specialised spurs.
Abdomen. The abdomen with a marked basal constriction. The second or second and third abdominal tergites representing at least half of the gaster. Ovipositor of females not visibly protruding; adapted for piercing.
Larvae. Larvae with segmented legs; phytophagous (inducing galls), or parasitic on hosts selected by the mother (commonly hyper-parasitic on other Hymenoptera or on aphids through braconids); primary inducers of galls, or parasitic on other gall occupants.
British representation. Species in Britain about 130; Andricus, Aulacidea, Alloxysta, Aylax, Biorhiza, Callirhytis, Ceroptres, Chrestosema, Cothonaspis, Cynips, Diastrophus, Diglyphosema, Dilyta, Diplolepis, Disorygma, Episoda, Eucoila, Eutrias, Ganaspis, Glauraspidia, Hexacola, Isocolus, Kleidotoma, Lipostethenus, Microstilba, Neuroterus, Periclistus, Phaenoglyphis, Phanacis, Pseudopsichacra, Psichacra, Rhoptromeris, Saphonecrus, Synergus, Trybliographa, Trigonaspis, Xestophanes.
Classification. Suborder Apocrita; Series Parasitica; Superfamily Cynipoidea.
Illustrations. • Diplolepis nervosa (Curtis): B. Ent. 688. • Diplolepis nervosa (Curtis): B. Ent. 688, legend+text. • Diplolepis nervosa (Curtis): B. Ent. 688, text cont.. • Eucoilinae: Kleidotoma, Psichachra, Trybliographa (Cameron III). 1, Psichachra longicornis (Hartig); 2, Kleidotoma marshalli (Cameron); 3, Psichachra rufula (Foerster); 4, Trybliographa mandibularis (Zetter.), var. similis; 5, Trybliographa mandibularis (Zetterstedt); 6, Trybliographa gracilicornis (Cameron); 7, Trybliographa glottiana (Cameron); 8, Tribliographa glottiana (Cameron - his Eucoila proxima Cameron); 9 and 10, Trybliographa rapae (Westwood) – see also the next image. From Cameron (1890). • Eucoilinae: Eucoila, Kleidotoma, Microstilba, Trybliographa (Cameron III). 1, Microstilba heterogena (Giraud), female. 2, Kleidotoma psiloides (Westwood), female. 3 and 4, Eucoila crassinerva Westwood. 5 and 6, Trybliographa rapae (Westwood), female and male, respectively – see also the previous image. 7, Trybliographa diaphana (Hartig). 8, Trybliographa mandibularis (Zetterstedt). 9, Trybliographa atra (Hartig). 10, Kleidotoma melanopoda Cameron. From Cameron (1890). • Cynipinae: Alloxysta, Phaenoglyphis (Cameron III). 1, Alloxysta halterata (Thomson). 2, Alloxysta brachyptera (Hartig). 3, Alloxysta pedestris (Curtis). 4, Phaenoglyphis xanthochroa Foerster. 5, Phaenoglyphis forticornis Cameron. 6, Phaenoglyphis salicis (Cameron). 7, Alloxysta megaptera (Cameron). 8, Alloxysta pleuralis (Cameron). 9, Alloxysta ruficeps (Cameron). 10, Alloxysta erythrothorax (Hartig). From Cameron (1890). • Cynipinae: Alloxysta, Phaenoglyphis (Cameron III). 1, Alloxysta flavicornis (Hartig); 2 and 7, Alloxysta victrix (Westwood); 3, Alloxysta tscheki (Giraud); 4, Alloxysta circumscripta (Hartig); 5, Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer); 6, Alloxysta longicornis (Hartig); 8, Alloxysta curvicornis (Cameron); 9 and 10, Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig). From Cameron (1890). • Cynipinae: Alloxysta (10 species, Cameron III). Alloxysta spp.: 1, A. mullensis (Cameron); 2, A. caledonica (Cameron); 3, A. piceomaculata (Cameron); 4, A. nigriventris (Thomson); 5, A. macrophadna (Hartig); 6, A. maculicollis (Cameron); 7, A. filicornis (Cameron); 8, A. basimacula (Cameron); 9, A. citripes (Thomson); 10, A. ullerichi (Giraud). From Cameron (1890). • Cynipinae: Aulacidea, Diplolepis, Synergus, Xestophanes (Cameron IV). 1 and 1a, Synergus gallaepomiformis (Boyer de Fonscolombe), with detail of the abdomen. 2 and 2a, Synergus apicalis Hartig, with detail of antenna. 3, Xestophanes potentillae (Retzius in Degeer), with details of antenna (3a) and tarsus (3b). 4, Synergus nervosus Hartig; 5, Synergus umbraculus (Olivier). 6, Synergus albipes Hartig. 7, Diplolepis spinosissimae (Giraud). 8, Diplolepis eleganteriae (Hartig). 9, Diplolepis nervosa (Curtis). 10, Diplolepis rosae (Linn, with detail of the head (10a). 11, Aulacidea hieracii (Bouche). 12 and 12a , Xestophanes brevitarsis (Thomson), details of antenna and tarsus, respectively. From Cameron (1893). • Cynipinae: Andricus, Ceroptres, Diastrophus, Liposthenus, Periclistus, Saphonecrus (Cameron IV). 1, cf. Liposthenus latreilli (Kieffer) - labelled by Cameron Aulax glechomae. 2, Periclistus brandti (Ratzeburg). 3, Periclistus caninae (Hartig). 4, Ceraptres arator Hartig, with detail of the antenna (4a). 5, Saphonecrus connatus (Hartig). 6 and 7, Diastrophys rubi (Bouché), with details of the antennae (6a and 7a; 7 labelled D. aphidivorus by Cameron). 8, Andricus amenti Giraud. 9, Andricus ostreus (Hartig). From Cameron (1893). • Cynipinae: 7 Andricus species (Cameron IV). Cynipinae: 1 and 1a, Andricus fecundator (Hartig); 1a labelled by Cameron A. pilosus. 2, Andricus radicis Fab. (Cameron name not located in modern lists). 2a, Andricus quercusradicis (Fabricius). 3 and 3a, Andricus testaceipes Hartig (3 labelled by Cameron A. sieboldii). 4 and 4a, Andricus curvator Hartig (4a labelled by Cameron A. collaris). From Cameron (1893). • Cynipinae: Andricus (7 spp.), Biorhiza, Trigonaspis (Cameron IV). 1, Andricus ramulae Schencl; 2, Andricus clementinae Giraud (doubtfully British); 3, Andricus solitarius (Fonscolombe); 4, Andricus quadrilineatus Hartig; 5, Andricus glandulae (Hartig); 6, Andricus circulans Mayr; 7, Trigonaspis megaptera (Panzer); 8, Andricus cirratus Adler (sexual generation); 9, Biorhiza pallida (Olivier) - asexual generation, formerly known as B. aptera (Fabr.). 9a, Biorhiza pallida (Olivier) , sexual generation, formerly known as B. quercus-terminalis (Fabr.). From Cameron (1893). • Cynipinae: Andricus, Cynips, Neuroterus (Cameron IV). 1 and 1a, Cynips divisa Hartig. 2, cf. Cynips quercusfolii Linn. (labelled by Cameron Dryophanta folii Mayr). 3, Neuroterus numismalis (Geoffroy in Fourcroy), asexual generation. 3a, labelled by Cameron Neuroterus vesicatrix, the name not located in modern lists. 4, Neuroterus quercusbaccarum (Linn.), asexual generation, formerly known as N. lenticularis (Olivier). 4a, labelled by Cameron Neuroterus baccarum, the name not in his index and not located in modern lists; cf. N. quercusbaccarum?). 5, Neoterus tricolor (Hartig), asexual generation, formerly known as N. fumipennis Hartig. 6, Andricus kollari (Hartig). 7, Neuroterus punctatus Bignell (doubtfully British). From Cameron (1893). • Rhoptromeris heptoma (Eucoilinae, female).
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2003 onwards. Insects of Britain and Ireland: the families of Hymenoptera. Version: 14th April 2022. delta-intkey.com’.
