The grass genera of the world
The grass genera of the world | |
From the Latin digitus (finger), alluding to radiating inflorescence branches.
Including Acicarpa Raddi, Digitariella De Winter, Elytroblepharum Steud., Elytroblepharum (Steud.) Schlecht., Eriachne Phil., Gramerium Desv., Sanguinaria Bub., Sanguinella Gleichen, Syntherisma Walt., Trichachne Nees, Valota Adans.
Excluding Acostia, Digitariopsis
Habit, vegetative morphology. Annual, or perennial; rhizomatous, or stoloniferous, or caespitose, or decumbent (sometimes sward forming). Culms (6–)15–300 cm high (or more?); herbaceous; branched above, or unbranched above. Culm nodes glabrous. Culm internodes solid, or hollow. Leaves not basally aggregated; non-auriculate. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate; broad, or narrow; flat, or folded, or rolled; without cross venation; persistent; rolled in bud. Ligule usually an unfringed membrane. Contra-ligule absent.
Reproductive organization. Plants bisexual, with bisexual spikelets; with hermaphrodite florets. The spikelets overtly heteromorphic (sometimes, notably regarding indumentum), or homomorphic. Plants inbreeding; exposed-cleistogamous, or chasmogamous; with hidden cleistogenes (very rarely), or without hidden cleistogenes. The hidden cleistogenes when present, in the leaf sheaths.
Inflorescence. Inflorescence nearly always of spicate main branches (rarely with some secondary branchlets or a single raceme); open, or contracted; digitate, or subdigitate, or non-digitate. Primary inflorescence branches 2–50; borne distichously, or inserted all around the main axis. Rachides hollowed, or flattened, or winged. Inflorescence espatheate; not comprising ‘partial inflorescences’ and foliar organs. Spikelet-bearing axes persistent. Spikelets solitary, or paired to in triplets (usually in groups of 2–3); secund; pedicellate (except for two Malaysian species). Pedicel apices truncate, or discoid, or cupuliform. Spikelets imbricate, or not imbricate; consistently in ‘long-and-short’ combinations (and the longer-pedicelled members sometimes larger and/or hairier), or not in distinct ‘long-and-short’ combinations. The ‘shorter’ spikelets hermaphrodite. The ‘longer’ spikelets hermaphrodite.
Female-fertile spikelets. Spikelets elliptic, or lanceolate, or ovate, or obovate; abaxial; compressed dorsiventrally; falling with the glumes. Rachilla terminated by a female-fertile floret. Hairy callus absent.
Glumes one per spikelet, or two; very unequal (the lower tiny or suppressed); shorter than the adjacent lemmas, or long relative to the adjacent lemmas (i.e., the upper, sometimes); free; dorsiventral to the rachis; pointed, or not pointed; awnless; non-carinate; very dissimilar. Lower glume 0–0.4 times the length of the upper glume; when present, much shorter than half length of lowest lemma; 0–1 nerved, or 3 nerved (at the base). Upper glume gibbous or not; 3–7 nerved (rarely nerveless). Spikelets with incomplete florets. The incomplete florets proximal to the female-fertile florets. Spikelets with proximal incomplete florets. The proximal incomplete florets 1; paleate, or epaleate. Palea of the proximal incomplete florets when present, reduced. The proximal incomplete florets sterile, or male. The proximal lemmas usually as long as the spikelet, usually hairy, the hairs between the first and second lateral nerves and along the margins (contrast with Stereochlaena); awnless; 3–7(–11) nerved; exceeded by the female-fertile lemmas to decidedly exceeding the female-fertile lemmas; less firm than the female-fertile lemmas; not becoming indurated.
Female-fertile florets 1. Lemmas similar in texture to the glumes to decidedly firmer than the glumes (cartilaginous); smooth to striate; yellow in fruit, or brown in fruit, or black in fruit; entire; pointed (mostly subacute to acuminate); awnless (but often apiculate); hairless (no more than minutely striate-papillate); non-carinate, or carinate (Section Monodactylae, where some species have a pronounced median keel); having the margins lying flat on the palea; with a clear germination flap; obscurely 1–3 nerved. Palea present; relatively long (about equalling the lemma); tightly clasped by the lemma; entire; awnless, without apical setae; textured like the lemma; 2-nerved. Lodicules present; 2; joined, or free; fleshy; glabrous. Stamens 3. Anthers not penicillate. Ovary glabrous; without a conspicuous apical appendage. Styles fused, or free to their bases. Stigmas 2; red pigmented.
Fruit, embryo and seedling. Fruit small; compressed dorsiventrally. Hilum short. Embryo large; waisted. Endosperm hard; without lipid; containing compound starch grains. Embryo without an epiblast; with a scutellar tail; with an elongated mesocotyl internode. Embryonic leaf margins overlapping.
Seedling with a long mesocotyl; with a loose coleoptile. First seedling leaf with a well-developed lamina. The lamina broad; erect, or curved, or supine; 13–20 veined.
Abaxial leaf blade epidermis. Costal/intercostal zonation conspicuous. Papillae absent. Long-cells similar in shape costally and intercostally; of similar wall thickness costally and intercostally. Mid-intercostal long-cells rectangular; having markedly sinuous walls. Microhairs present; panicoid-type; (34–)42–75(–78) microns long; 3.6–7.5 microns wide at the septum. Microhair total length/width at septum 8–18.3. Microhair apical cells (17–)22–48(–50) microns long. Microhair apical cell/total length ratio 0.44–0.67. Stomata common; 24–36 microns long. Subsidiaries high to low dome-shaped and triangular. Guard-cells overlapping to flush with the interstomatals. Intercostal short-cells absent or very rare (scarce); not paired (solitary when seen); when seen, not silicified. Prickles sometimes common. Costal short-cells conspicuously in long rows. Costal silica bodies ‘panicoid-type’; cross shaped, or butterfly shaped, or dumb-bell shaped.
Transverse section of leaf blade, physiology. C4; biochemical type NADP–ME (D. sanguinalis); XyMS–. PCR sheath outlines uneven. PCR sheath extensions absent. PCR cells with a suberised lamella. PCR cell chloroplasts with reduced grana; centrifugal/peripheral. Mesophyll with radiate chlorenchyma. Leaf blade with distinct, prominent adaxial ribs, or ‘nodular’ in section, or adaxially flat; with the ribs more or less constant in size. Midrib conspicuous, or not readily distinguishable; with one bundle only, or having a conventional arc of bundles; with colourless mesophyll adaxially, or without colourless mesophyll adaxially. Bulliforms present in discrete, regular adaxial groups, or not present in discrete, regular adaxial groups (commonly in irregular groups); when regularly grouped, in simple fans. Many of the smallest vascular bundles unaccompanied by sclerenchyma. Combined sclerenchyma girders present (rarely), or absent; nowhere forming ‘figures’. Sclerenchyma all associated with vascular bundles.
Culm anatomy. Culm internode bundles in one or two rings.
Phytochemistry. Tissues of the culm bases with little or no starch (D. sanguinalis). Leaves without flavonoid sulphates (4 species).
Cytology. Chromosome base number, x = 9, 15, and 17. 2n = 18, 30, 36, 45, 54, 60, 70, 72, and 76, or 108. Chromosomes ‘small’. Nucleoli persistent.
Taxonomy. Panicoideae; Panicodae; Paniceae. Finger Grasses.
Distribution, ecology, phytogeography. 220 species; mainly in warm regions. Commonly adventive. Mesophytic, or xerophytic; mostly species of open habitats. Diverse habitats, including weedy ground and sandy beaches.
Holarctic, Paleotropical, Neotropical, Australian, and Antarctic. Boreal, Tethyan, and Madrean. African, Madagascan, Indomalesian, Polynesian, and Neocaledonian. Euro-Siberian, Eastern Asian, and Atlantic North American. Macaronesian, Mediterranean, and Irano-Turanian. Saharo-Sindian, Sudano-Angolan, West African Rainforest, and Namib-Karoo. Indian, Indo-Chinese, Malesian, and Papuan. Polynesian. Caribbean, Venezuela and Surinam, Amazon, Central Brazilian, and Pampas. North and East Australian and Central Australian. Patagonian. European and Siberian. Canadian-Appalachian, Southern Atlantic North American, and Central Grasslands. Sahelo-Sudanian, Somalo-Ethiopian, South Tropical African, and Kalaharian. Tropical North and East Australian and Temperate and South-Eastern Australian.
Rusts and smuts. Rusts — Physopella and Puccinia. Taxonomically wide-ranging species: Puccinia levis, Puccinia substriata, and Puccinia esclavensis. Smuts from Tilletiaceae and from Ustilaginaceae. Tilletiaceae — Tilletia. Ustilaginaceae — Sorosporium, Sphacelotheca, and Ustilago.
Economic importance. Significant weed species: ‘crabgrasses’ -D. adscendens, D. decumbens, D. ciliaris, D. fuscescens, D. horizontalis, D. ischaemum, D. longiflora, D. radicosa, D. sanguinalis, D. scalarum, D. setigera, D. ternata, D. violascens. Cultivated fodder: D. decumbens, D. eriantha (Pangola). Important native pasture species: D. aridicola, D. didactyla, D. gazensis, D. longiflora, D. milanjiana, D. nodosa, D. pearsonii, D. velutina and others. Grain crop species: minor west African cereals on infertile soils: D. exilis (Achna, Fonio), D. iburua. Lawns and/or playing fields: D. didactyla, D. longiflora, D. swazilandensis, D. timorensis.
References, etc. Leaf anatomical: Metcalfe 1960; this project.
Illustrations. • General aspect and spikelets. • General aspect, inflorescence and spikelet. • Ligule of D. sanguinalis. • Back of rachis of D. sanguinalis. • ‘Front’ of rachis of D. sanguinalis. • Female-fertile lemmas. • Abaxial epidermis of leaf blade (D. bicornis). • Abaxial epidermis of leaf blade (D. longiflora). • Abaxial epidermis of leaf blade (D. sanguinalis). • Abaxial epidermis of leaf blade (D. brownii). • Leaf blade T.S., mature minor bundles (D. brownii). • T.S. leaf blade midrib (D. parviflora). • T.S. lateral part of leaf blade (D. parviflora)
This description is offered for casual browsing only. We strongly advise against extracting comparative information from it. This is much more easily achieved using the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting specified attributes, summaries of attributes within groups of taxa, geographical distribution, classification, and species sampled for anatomy.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version: 11th February 2012. http://delta-intkey.com’.
